fix: stroke arcs and splines analytically — opaque core, angle-independent weight

LICE_Arc never reaches opacity and ThickFLine's width is minor-axis. One
distance-to-polyline coverage mask, blended once, replaces both.

docs/product/visual-design-language.md

@@ -779,20 +779,42 @@ concession. Everything with a slope or a curve must draw through a primitive tha
   antialiased and adds width.
 - `LICE_FillTriangle` takes **no** `aa` parameter at all — its sloped edges alias, and the
   only fix inside the kit is to re-stroke those edges with an AA line in the same ink.
-- LICE has no thick-arc primitive. A wider ring is drawn as adjacent 1 px `LICE_Arc` calls at
+- **`LICE_Arc` does not rasterize an arc.** It rasterizes a whole circle clipped to a
-  stepped radii, which keeps every ring antialiased.
+  rectangular bounding box per 90° chunk (`lice_arc.cpp` `__DrawArc`), and its AA circle splits
+  one unit of ink across two adjacent pixels by the **fractional part of the radius**
+  (`w = yf - floor(yf)`, then `wa` and `ai - wa`). A half-integer radius therefore puts 50% on
+  each of two pixels at the cardinal points, and stacked radii do not tile — vertical spacing
+  between rings `r` and `r-1` dilates from 1.0 px at the top to 1.41 px at 45°. Measured on the
+  shipped 3-ring knob arc: weakest cross-section peak **138/255** and perpendicular weight
+  **1.62–3.24 px** against a nominal 3 (67% ripple).
+- **`LICE_ThickFLine` lays its width along the MINOR axis**, so perpendicular weight is
+  `wid·cos θ`. Measured at width 2: **1.41–2.00 px** across a 0–90° sweep — it thins to
+  `1/√2` of nominal at every diagonal.
+- Neither of those two is usable for a stroke that must hold a consistent weight. Arcs and
+  spline contours draw through the analytic stroker instead (`core/ui/stroke_aa` +
+  `shell/instrument/editor_stroke`): coverage is distance-to-polyline, MAX-accumulated into a
+  scratch mask and blended **once**. The single blend is the structural part — compositing
+  per segment re-lays ink over the previous segment's fringe.
 - A min/max waveform column plot cannot be antialiased by the column fill itself (the columns
   are vertical). The outline is what reads as jagged, so it is stroked separately.
 
+> **Methodological lesson — why this table got two rows wrong.** The original audit verified
+> *which primitive each surface called* and treated an `aa=true` argument as the answer. It
+> never verified *what the primitive rasterized*. Both misses hid behind a true-looking
+> statement: `LICE_Arc` really does antialias, and `LICE_ThickFLine` really is always
+> antialiased — neither fact says anything about opacity or perpendicular weight, which is
+> what was actually broken. **A disposition row is only earned by a measurement of the
+> rendered output** (peak alpha, weight across angle), not by reading the call site.
+
 | Surface | Where | Disposition |
 |---|---|---|
-| Radial knob track + value arc | `editor_internal.h` `drawKnobFace` | Was AA (`LICE_Arc`, 1 px). **Widened** to a 3 px stacked-radius ring; the bigger knob is what made 1 px read thin. |
+| Radial knob track + value arc | `editor_internal.h` `drawKnobFace` | **Fixed (2026-08-01)** — the stacked-radius `LICE_Arc` ring never reached an opaque core and rippled 67% in weight. Now ONE analytic stroke (`strokeArcAA`), outer edge on the knob radius. Measured: peak **255/255** at every cross-section, weight **2.95–3.11 px** (5% ripple). |
-| Knob needle | `drawKnobFace` | **Fixed** — was integer-endpoint `LICE_Line`; now `LICE_ThickFLine` (always AA, float endpoints, 2 px). |
+| Knob needle | `drawKnobFace` | **Fixed (2026-08-01)** — `LICE_ThickFLine`'s minor-axis width thinned it to `cos θ` as the knob swept. Now `strokeLineAA`, 2 px. |
-| Inner curve dial arc + needle | `drawInnerDial` | **Fixed** — 2 px stacked-radius arc; needle moved to `LICE_FLine` with float endpoints. |
+| Inner curve dial arc + needle | `drawInnerDial` | **Fixed (2026-08-01)** — same as the knob: one analytic 2 px arc; needle via `strokeLineAA`. |
-| Staged envelope segment slopes | `editor_paint_waveform.cpp` | **Fixed** — `LICE_ThickFLine` at 2 px, replacing integer-endpoint `LICE_Line`. |
+| Staged envelope segment slopes | `editor_paint_waveform.cpp` | **Fixed (2026-08-01)** — one `strokePolylineAA` over the whole polyline, so the stage joints blend once. Vertices stay INTEGER by design: they are the positions the draggable handles are drawn at. |
-| Spline (drawn EG) contour | `editor_paint_waveform.cpp` `paintSplineOverlay` | **Fixed** — same treatment, one trace grammar. |
+| Spline (drawn EG) contour | `editor_paint_waveform.cpp` `paintSplineOverlay` | **Fixed (2026-08-01)** — the trace was never gapped; it was fully aliased (every pixel full or empty) because the loop passed INTEGER `cy`, quantizing the slope into alternating 1/2 px steps. Now sub-pixel y (`subpixelFromPoint`) through `strokePolylineAA`. Measured: peak **255/255**, weight **1.95–2.01 px** (3% ripple). |
-| Velocity-curve popup trace | `editor_paint_curve.cpp` | **Fixed** — same treatment. |
+| Velocity-curve popup trace | `editor_paint_curve.cpp` | **Fixed (2026-08-01)** — same cause, same treatment. |
-| Velocity-curve mini thumbnail | `editor_paint_curve.cpp` | Left at 1 px AA `LICE_Line` — a 2 px trace blots at thumbnail scale. |
+| Velocity-curve mini thumbnail | `editor_paint_curve.cpp` | **Fixed (2026-08-01)** — stays a 1 px hairline (a 2 px trace blots at thumbnail scale), but strokes analytically at sub-pixel y instead of integer-endpoint `LICE_Line`. |
 | Waveform min/max columns | `draw_kit.cpp` `drawWaveform` | **Fixed** — column fill unchanged (it cannot alias), plus an AA `LICE_FLine` stroke joining each column's extremes to its neighbour's, in the same ink. Shared with the docked bank panel and the browser cards. **Measured cost** (Release, MSVC 14.44, real LICE, 24 stereo cards × 136 columns = 6528 columns): fill alone 0.070 ms per full-grid repaint, fill+stroke 0.48 ms — the stroke is ~0.41 ms, about 2.5% of a 60 Hz frame, and the grid repaints on hover/scroll/drag, not continuously. One-off scratchpad measurement, 2026-08-01, harness not committed — not a standing regression guard; re-measure before relying on it again. |
 | Preview play triangle | `editor_paint_chrome.cpp` | **Fixed** — `LICE_FillTriangle` has no `aa`; its two sloped edges are re-stroked with AA `LICE_FLine`. |
 | Envelope/spline node handles (squares) | `editor_paint_waveform.cpp` | Already clean — axis-aligned `LICE_FillRect`. |
@@ -807,6 +829,19 @@ concession. Everything with a slope or a curve must draw through a primitive tha
 | Docked bank panel chrome | `panel_render.cpp` | Already clean — axis-aligned fills, rects and hairlines. Its only exposure to this pass is the shared `drawWaveform`. |
 | Text | `draw_kit.cpp` `text` | Already clean — `LICE_CachedFont` AA glyph cache (§1.1). |
 
+**Analytic stroker cost** (Release, MSVC, real LICE, one-off scratchpad harness 2026-08-01,
+not committed — re-measure before relying on it): 30 knob arcs **0.113 ms → 0.169 ms**; a
+500 px spline contour **0.013 ms → 0.047 ms**. About +0.09 ms per full editor repaint, on a
+surface that repaints on interaction rather than continuously. Both figures beat the
+prototype's targets (0.285 ms / 0.106 ms). Micro-optimisation, each lever measured in
+isolation: writing the blend straight to the bitmap's bits rather than through
+`LICE_PutPixel` is the big one (arcs 0.169 vs 0.253 ms); reusing the scratch mask across
+calls matters on the contour's large bounding box (0.047 vs 0.073 ms); `float` over `double`
+is small but real (contour coverage 0.045 vs 0.051 ms). The per-row valid-extent bookkeeping
+in the mask is a **wash** against the simpler clear-the-whole-box design (0.218 vs 0.218 ms
+for a full repaint) — it wins on the contour and loses on the small arc boxes; it is kept
+because the contour is the drag-interactive surface.
+
 ### 8.1 Was the piano-key width defect an aliasing artifact?
 
 **No.** Every piano key is an axis-aligned `LICE_FillRect` with an integer width, so there is

src/core/instrument/engine/velocity_curve.cpp

@@ -25,18 +25,30 @@ double valuePerPixel(const VelocityCurve::Box& box, CurveDomain d) {
     if (h <= 1) return 0.0;
     return (kCurveYMax - curveYMin(d)) / static_cast<double>(h - 1);
 }
-int velToX(const VelocityCurve::Box& box, double velocity) {
+// The integer maps are these rounded — ONE mapping, so a sub-pixel trace and an integer hit-test
+// cannot drift. Rounding the OFFSET (not the absolute coordinate) keeps the int results identical
+// to what they were before the sub-pixel form existed: the offset is non-negative, so truncation
+// is floor regardless of where the box sits.
+double velToXf(const VelocityCurve::Box& box, double velocity) {
     const int w = std::max(0, box.width);
-    if (w <= 0) return box.left;
+    if (w <= 0) return static_cast<double>(box.left);
     const double frac = (clampVelocity(velocity) - kVelMin) / (kVelMax - kVelMin);
-    return box.left + static_cast<int>(frac * static_cast<double>(w) + 0.5);
+    return static_cast<double>(box.left) + frac * static_cast<double>(w);
 }
-int valueToY(const VelocityCurve::Box& box, double value, CurveDomain d) {
+double valueToYf(const VelocityCurve::Box& box, double value, CurveDomain d) {
     const int h = std::max(0, box.height);
-    if (h <= 1) return box.top;
+    if (h <= 1) return static_cast<double>(box.top);
     const double lo = curveYMin(d);
     const double frac = (clampValue(value, d) - lo) / (kCurveYMax - lo);
-    return box.top + static_cast<int>((1.0 - frac) * static_cast<double>(h - 1) + 0.5);
+    return static_cast<double>(box.top) + (1.0 - frac) * static_cast<double>(h - 1);
+}
+int velToX(const VelocityCurve::Box& box, double velocity) {
+    return box.left +
+           static_cast<int>(velToXf(box, velocity) - static_cast<double>(box.left) + 0.5);
+}
+int valueToY(const VelocityCurve::Box& box, double value, CurveDomain d) {
+    return box.top +
+           static_cast<int>(valueToYf(box, value, d) - static_cast<double>(box.top) + 0.5);
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -187,6 +199,11 @@ VelocityCurve::CurvePixel VelocityCurve::pixelFromPoint(const Box& box,
     return CurvePixel{velToX(box, p.velocity), valueToY(box, p.value, domain_)};
 }
 
+VelocityCurve::CurvePixelF VelocityCurve::subpixelFromPoint(const Box& box,
+                                                           const VelocityPoint& p) const {
+    return CurvePixelF{velToXf(box, p.velocity), valueToYf(box, p.value, domain_)};
+}
+
 VelocityPoint VelocityCurve::pointFromPixel(const Box& box, int x, int y) const {
     // Exact inverse of velToX/valueToY (within one pixel); degenerate dims collapse the same way.
     VelocityPoint p;

src/core/instrument/engine/velocity_curve.h

@@ -182,6 +182,16 @@ public:
     };
     CurvePixel pixelFromPoint(const Box& box, const VelocityPoint& p) const;
 
+    // The SAME mapping before rounding: pixelFromPoint IS this, rounded, so a sub-pixel trace and
+    // an integer hit-test cannot drift. An antialiased stroke needs the fraction — quantizing y to
+    // a whole pixel forces the slope into alternating 1/2-px steps, and that beat-frequency
+    // staircase is what read as a dotted line where a contour steepened.
+    struct CurvePixelF {
+        double x = 0.0;
+        double y = 0.0;
+    };
+    CurvePixelF subpixelFromPoint(const Box& box, const VelocityPoint& p) const;
+
     // Exact inverse of pixelFromPoint (within the one-pixel quantum) — where an empty-space
     // click lands as a new point. Degenerate box: zero-width reads velocity 0; height <= 1
     // reads the domain's max (the top row is what a collapsed box draws).

src/core/ui/CLAUDE.md

@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ L7 sub-pass, 2026-07-27):
 - `tooltip` — pure tooltip placement + prefix-strip: strips the `ReaSampler:` display prefix from the registered action phrase; width clamped to the client rect.
 - `card_drag` — pure drag-gesture precedence + slot hit-test: leave-client → OS drag-out; other-bank → move/copy; same-bank → reorder / Alt-over-occupied → replace.
 - `card_meta` — pure card-metadata formatters: bars.beats.subdivisions and seconds.milliseconds; blank when the sample is unstamped.
+- `stroke_aa` — analytic antialiased thick-stroke COVERAGE (the shell blends it): `StrokeCanvas`, a reusable mask holding distance-to-polyline coverage MAX-accumulated across segments, plus `strokePolyline` / `strokeBounds` / `appendArc`. An arc is just a flattened polyline, so ONE path serves the knob arcs, the inner dial, the envelope polyline and both spline traces. Coverage is `clamp(halfWidth + 0.5 - distance, 0, 1)`, which makes perpendicular weight exactly `2·halfWidth` at every angle and gives an opaque core for any width above 1 px. Long segments are subdivided before rasterizing — EXACT, not an approximation (min-distance to a partition of a segment is min-distance to the whole), purely to keep each piece's bounding box tight, since one long diagonal's box has area O(len²).
 
 ## Gotchas
 
@@ -122,3 +123,17 @@ L7 sub-pass, 2026-07-27):
 - `rect`'s prior role names survive only as `using` aliases at their old call
   sites — changing `rect.h` itself ripples across every directory that aliases
   it (e.g. `editor_geometry::Rect`); check all alias sites, not just this one.
+- **`stroke_aa`'s mask is deliberately NOT cleared on `reset`.** Only
+  `[rowLo, rowHi)` of each row holds meaningful coverage; everything else is
+  whatever the reused buffer last held. That is what keeps a stroke's cost
+  proportional to its ink rather than to its bounding box — but it means any new
+  reader must respect the row extents, and any new writer must grow them through
+  `extendRow`, which zero-fills the newly-valid cells INCLUDING the gap when a
+  stroke revisits a row far from where it left it (a circle touches most rows on
+  both sides). Reading the raw buffer outside the extents returns garbage by
+  design, not zero.
+- **Neither `LICE_Arc` nor `LICE_ThickFLine` can draw these strokes** — the first
+  never reaches an opaque core, the second's width is along the minor axis so its
+  perpendicular weight falls off as `cos θ`. The evidence and the measurements
+  live in `docs/product/visual-design-language.md` §8; do not "simplify" a stroke
+  site back onto either primitive.

src/core/ui/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -38,3 +38,6 @@ reasampler_test(card_meta LINK card_meta)
 
 reasampler_pure_library(card_drag SOURCES card_drag.cpp LINK PUBLIC drag_out bank_grid)
 reasampler_test(card_drag LINK card_drag)
+
+reasampler_pure_library(stroke_aa SOURCES stroke_aa.cpp)
+reasampler_test(stroke_aa LINK stroke_aa)

src/core/ui/stroke_aa.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+#include "core/ui/stroke_aa.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace reasampler::ui {
+namespace {
+
+inline float clamp01(float v) { return v < 0.0f ? 0.0f : (v > 1.0f ? 1.0f : v); }
+
+}  // namespace
+
+void StrokeCanvas::reset(const Rect& bounds) {
+    bounds_ = bounds;
+    if (bounds_.empty()) {
+        bounds_ = Rect{};
+        return;
+    }
+    const std::size_t area =
+        static_cast<std::size_t>(bounds_.width) * static_cast<std::size_t>(bounds_.height);
+    if (coverage_.size() < area) coverage_.resize(area);
+    rowLo_.assign(static_cast<std::size_t>(bounds_.height), bounds_.width);
+    rowHi_.assign(static_cast<std::size_t>(bounds_.height), 0);
+}
+
+float StrokeCanvas::coverageAt(int x, int y) const {
+    if (!contains(bounds_, x, y)) return 0.0f;
+    const int rel = x - bounds_.x;
+    if (rel < rowLo(y) || rel >= rowHi(y)) return 0.0f;
+    return rowData(y)[rel];
+}
+
+// Grows a row's valid span to cover [x0, x1) (canvas-relative), zero-filling only the cells that
+// become valid. Cost is bounded by the growth, so a whole stroke stays O(ink).
+void StrokeCanvas::extendRow(int y, int x0, int x1) {
+    const std::size_t r = static_cast<std::size_t>(y - bounds_.y);
+    float* row = coverage_.data() + r * static_cast<std::size_t>(bounds_.width);
+    int lo = rowLo_[r];
+    int hi = rowHi_[r];
+    if (hi <= lo) {
+        std::fill(row + x0, row + x1, 0.0f);
+        rowLo_[r] = x0;
+        rowHi_[r] = x1;
+        return;
+    }
+    // A stroke can revisit a row far from where it left it (an arc touches most rows on both
+    // sides of the circle), so the gap between the old span and the new one must be zeroed too.
+    if (x0 < lo) {
+        std::fill(row + x0, row + lo, 0.0f);
+        rowLo_[r] = x0;
+    }
+    if (x1 > hi) {
+        std::fill(row + hi, row + x1, 0.0f);
+        rowHi_[r] = x1;
+    }
+}
+
+void StrokeCanvas::addPiece(float ax, float ay, float bx, float by, float halfWidth) {
+    const float reach = halfWidth + 0.5f;  // beyond this the coverage is 0
+    const float dx = bx - ax;
+    const float dy = by - ay;
+    const float len2 = dx * dx + dy * dy;
+    const float invLen2 = len2 > 0.0f ? 1.0f / len2 : 0.0f;
+
+    int x0 = static_cast<int>(std::floor((std::min)(ax, bx) - reach));
+    int x1 = static_cast<int>(std::ceil((std::max)(ax, bx) + reach)) + 1;
+    int y0 = static_cast<int>(std::floor((std::min)(ay, by) - reach));
+    int y1 = static_cast<int>(std::ceil((std::max)(ay, by) + reach)) + 1;
+    x0 = (std::max)(x0, bounds_.x);
+    y0 = (std::max)(y0, bounds_.y);
+    x1 = (std::min)(x1, bounds_.right());
+    y1 = (std::min)(y1, bounds_.bottom());
+    if (x0 >= x1 || y0 >= y1) return;
+
+    const int relX0 = x0 - bounds_.x;
+    const int relX1 = x1 - bounds_.x;
+    for (int y = y0; y < y1; ++y) {
+        extendRow(y, relX0, relX1);
+        float* row = coverage_.data() + static_cast<std::size_t>(y - bounds_.y) *
+                                            static_cast<std::size_t>(bounds_.width);
+        const float pyc = static_cast<float>(y) + 0.5f;
+        const float qy = pyc - ay;
+        for (int x = x0; x < x1; ++x) {
+            const float qx = static_cast<float>(x) + 0.5f - ax;
+            const float t = clamp01((qx * dx + qy * dy) * invLen2);
+            const float ex = qx - dx * t;
+            const float ey = qy - dy * t;
+            const float cov = clamp01(reach - std::sqrt(ex * ex + ey * ey));
+            float& dst = row[x - bounds_.x];
+            if (cov > dst) dst = cov;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void StrokeCanvas::addSegment(float ax, float ay, float bx, float by, float halfWidth) {
+    if (bounds_.empty() || halfWidth <= 0.0f) return;
+    const float dx = bx - ax;
+    const float dy = by - ay;
+    const float len2 = dx * dx + dy * dy;
+    if (len2 <= kMaxPieceLen * kMaxPieceLen) {
+        addPiece(ax, ay, bx, by, halfWidth);
+        return;
+    }
+    const int pieces = static_cast<int>(std::sqrt(len2) / kMaxPieceLen) + 1;
+    float px = ax;
+    float py = ay;
+    for (int i = 1; i <= pieces; ++i) {
+        const float t = static_cast<float>(i) / static_cast<float>(pieces);
+        const float qx = ax + dx * t;
+        const float qy = ay + dy * t;
+        addPiece(px, py, qx, qy, halfWidth);
+        px = qx;
+        py = qy;
+    }
+}
+
+Rect strokeBounds(const StrokePoint* pts, std::size_t count, float halfWidth, const Rect& clip) {
+    if (pts == nullptr || count == 0 || halfWidth <= 0.0f || clip.empty()) return Rect{};
+    float minX = pts[0].x, maxX = pts[0].x, minY = pts[0].y, maxY = pts[0].y;
+    for (std::size_t i = 1; i < count; ++i) {
+        minX = (std::min)(minX, pts[i].x);
+        maxX = (std::max)(maxX, pts[i].x);
+        minY = (std::min)(minY, pts[i].y);
+        maxY = (std::max)(maxY, pts[i].y);
+    }
+    const float reach = halfWidth + 0.5f;
+    const int x0 = (std::max)(clip.x, static_cast<int>(std::floor(minX - reach)));
+    const int y0 = (std::max)(clip.y, static_cast<int>(std::floor(minY - reach)));
+    const int x1 = (std::min)(clip.right(), static_cast<int>(std::ceil(maxX + reach)) + 1);
+    const int y1 = (std::min)(clip.bottom(), static_cast<int>(std::ceil(maxY + reach)) + 1);
+    if (x0 >= x1 || y0 >= y1) return Rect{};
+    return Rect::ltrb(x0, y0, x1, y1);
+}
+
+void strokePolyline(StrokeCanvas& canvas, const StrokePoint* pts, std::size_t count,
+                    float halfWidth, const Rect& clip) {
+    canvas.reset(strokeBounds(pts, count, halfWidth, clip));
+    if (canvas.bounds().empty()) return;
+    if (count == 1) {
+        canvas.addSegment(pts[0].x, pts[0].y, pts[0].x, pts[0].y, halfWidth);
+        return;
+    }
+    for (std::size_t i = 1; i < count; ++i) {
+        canvas.addSegment(pts[i - 1].x, pts[i - 1].y, pts[i].x, pts[i].y, halfWidth);
+    }
+}
+
+void appendArc(std::vector<StrokePoint>& out, float cx, float cy, float radius, float startRad,
+               float endRad, float flatnessPx) {
+    if (radius <= 0.0f) {
+        out.push_back(StrokePoint{cx, cy});
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!(flatnessPx > 0.0f)) flatnessPx = kArcFlatnessPx;
+    // Chord sagitta: r*(1 - cos(step/2)) <= flatness. A flatness at or past the diameter admits
+    // the whole sweep in one chord, which is what keeps `maxStep` strictly positive.
+    const float cosHalf = (std::max)(-1.0f, 1.0f - flatnessPx / radius);
+    const float maxStep = 2.0f * std::acos(cosHalf);
+    const float sweep = endRad - startRad;
+    int segments = 1;
+    if (maxStep > 0.0f) {
+        const float wanted = std::ceil(std::fabs(sweep) / maxStep);
+        segments = wanted >= static_cast<float>(kMaxArcSegments)
+                       ? kMaxArcSegments
+                       : (std::max)(1, static_cast<int>(wanted));
+    } else {
+        // A radius large enough that flatness/radius underflows the cosine's resolution. The cap
+        // is the termination guarantee, not a quality choice.
+        segments = kMaxArcSegments;
+    }
+    out.reserve(out.size() + static_cast<std::size_t>(segments) + 1);
+    for (int i = 0; i <= segments; ++i) {
+        const float a = startRad + sweep * (static_cast<float>(i) / static_cast<float>(segments));
+        out.push_back(StrokePoint{cx + radius * std::sin(a), cy - radius * std::cos(a)});
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace reasampler::ui

src/core/ui/stroke_aa.h

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// stroke_aa.h — analytic antialiased thick-stroke coverage: distance-to-polyline, MAX-accumulated
+// into a scratch mask that a shell blends ONCE. Pure geometry; no LICE, no host types.
+//
+// The single blend is the load-bearing part. Compositing a stroke segment-by-segment (or as a
+// stack of 1px arcs) re-lays ink over the previous segment's antialiased fringe, which is what
+// makes a stroke read as a soft glow that never reaches an opaque core.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "core/ui/rect.h"
+
+namespace reasampler::ui {
+
+struct StrokePoint {
+    float x = 0.0f;
+    float y = 0.0f;
+};
+
+// Chord-flatness bound for arc flattening: an order of magnitude under the AA fringe the arc is
+// drawn with, so the polyline is indistinguishable from the true arc at any radius the deck uses.
+inline constexpr float kArcFlatnessPx = 0.05f;
+
+// Hard cap on flattening output, so a pathological radius/flatness pair terminates with a coarse
+// arc rather than allocating without bound.
+inline constexpr int kMaxArcSegments = 512;
+
+// Long segments are split before rasterizing. This is EXACT, not an approximation: the minimum
+// distance to a partition of a segment is the minimum distance to the whole segment. It exists
+// because a piece is rasterized over its bounding box, and one long diagonal's box has area
+// O(len^2) — subdivision is what keeps a stroke's cost linear in its length.
+inline constexpr float kMaxPieceLen = 4.0f;
+
+// A reusable coverage mask. Allocation is amortized across calls: `reset` grows the buffer but
+// never clears it, because per-row valid extents make a clear unnecessary.
+class StrokeCanvas {
+   public:
+    // Grows the buffer to fit `bounds` and marks every row empty. O(height), not O(area).
+    void reset(const Rect& bounds);
+
+    // MAX-accumulates one segment. Endpoints are round-capped, so a zero-length segment is a dot
+    // of radius `halfWidth` and a polyline's joints are round by construction.
+    void addSegment(float ax, float ay, float bx, float by, float halfWidth);
+
+    const Rect& bounds() const { return bounds_; }
+
+    // Only [rowLo, rowHi) of a row holds meaningful coverage; outside that span the buffer is
+    // deliberately uninitialized, which is what keeps cost proportional to ink, not to the box.
+    int rowLo(int y) const { return rowLo_[static_cast<std::size_t>(y - bounds_.y)]; }
+    int rowHi(int y) const { return rowHi_[static_cast<std::size_t>(y - bounds_.y)]; }
+
+    // Row base pointer; index it by (x - bounds().x) within [rowLo, rowHi).
+    const float* rowData(int y) const {
+        return coverage_.data() +
+               static_cast<std::size_t>(y - bounds_.y) * static_cast<std::size_t>(bounds_.width);
+    }
+
+    // Bounds-checked single read — 0 outside the valid span. For tests and cold callers; the
+    // blend loop walks rows directly.
+    float coverageAt(int x, int y) const;
+
+   private:
+    void addPiece(float ax, float ay, float bx, float by, float halfWidth);
+    void extendRow(int y, int x0, int x1);
+
+    Rect bounds_{};
+    std::vector<float> coverage_;
+    std::vector<int> rowLo_;
+    std::vector<int> rowHi_;
+};
+
+// The pixel box a polyline of this half-width can touch, intersected with `clip`.
+Rect strokeBounds(const StrokePoint* pts, std::size_t count, float halfWidth, const Rect& clip);
+
+// A whole stroke in one pass: bounds, reset, every segment MAX-accumulated. Blending the finished
+// canvas exactly once is the caller's half of the contract.
+void strokePolyline(StrokeCanvas& canvas, const StrokePoint* pts, std::size_t count,
+                    float halfWidth, const Rect& clip);
+
+// Appends a flattened arc (n+1 points for n chords) to `out`. Angles are radians in LICE's
+// convention: 0 is 12 o'clock, increasing clockwise — x = cx + r*sin(a), y = cy - r*cos(a).
+void appendArc(std::vector<StrokePoint>& out, float cx, float cy, float radius, float startRad,
+               float endRad, float flatnessPx = kArcFlatnessPx);
+
+}  // namespace reasampler::ui

src/shell/instrument/CLAUDE.md

@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ declared ahead of the instrument slots at that member in `reasampler_processor.h
 - `reasampler_processor` (`shell/instrument/`: `reasampler_processor.cpp` lifecycle + `process()`, `processor_state.cpp` component-state I/O + UI-thread parameter accessors, `processor_reload.cpp` the off-audio-thread `reloadInstrument`/publish family — Q-W2v, T4-12 split; `process()` and its per-block work stay ONE TU on purpose, no cross-TU call on the per-sample path) — VST3 `SingleComponentEffect` shell: declares event-input bus + **permanently stereo** output (GA fix: dynamic mono↔stereo bus renegotiation deleted; `ChannelMode` is now decode-only), marshals MIDI note-on/off into the VoiceEngine, renders audio; owns off-audio-thread `reloadInstrument` + atomic pointer swap so `process()` does no allocation, no file I/O, no bridge calls. The instance state is `{loaded capture id, one InstrumentParams}`, and `reloadInstrument` resolves + decodes exactly that one capture into the `SampleData` the engine plays. **Self-contained playback (pS):** `ComponentState` v10 adds a `SampleRefs` table — per referenced sample, a project-relative path + decode intrinsics (root, loop, channels, displayName); `reloadInstrument` decodes directly from `SampleRefs`, bank-free (plays with the extension absent). The bank/bridge is a browser source: loading a capture copies its reference in; the reopen-heal timer + poll-to-play apparatus are removed. `retireIdleDrain()` retires fully-idle drain snapshots on the UI-timer cadence. Voice-param edits (`setVoiceCount`/`setVoiceMode`/`setMonoTrigger`) rebuild the engine from the already-decoded `SampleData` via the drain-slot swap — no bank re-read, no WAV re-decode, no audible cut to ringing tails. **FB1:** applies the post-mixer `masterGainLinear` (from `ComponentState` v8) as a per-sample ramp over the summed output — no zipper noise. **GA v9:** `channelModeExplicit_` flag persisted; `channelModeFor()` auto-defaults the mode from the loaded capture's channel count when the flag is not set. **pS:** `ComponentState` bumped v9→v10 (`SampleRefs` table); pre-v10 blobs lift to empty refs and re-save self-contained. **pS-usage:** publishes instance usage (held `SampleRefs` paths) to `rsusage_<instanceGuid>` at the tail of `reloadInstrument` (off audio thread) via `reaper_bridge::writeUsageExtState`; `ComponentState` bumped v10→**v11** (`instanceGuid` field); pre-v11 blobs mint guid on first publish.
 - `reasampler_editor` — VST3 `IPlugView` LICE editor shell: hosts a LICE-drawn child window; the Sample face is home and Browse is a modal picker over it. Split on the Sample face's BAND axis, mirroring the pure `sample_bands` allocator: `editor_session` (session/bridge state, caches, commit-and-reload), `editor_controls` (the ONE `faceLayout` band resolve every paint and hit-test path shares, the node-drag bounds, the value labels, and the per-instance controls the parameter set does not carry — the parameter-set binding itself is the pure `core/instrument/ui/deck_values` module this only adapts int ids onto), `editor_models` (the orthogonal half: which stored struct each transient editor selection names — the staged-envelope pack/unpack, the drawn contour, and the three velocity curves), then matching paint and input sets — `editor_paint`/`editor_input` (dispatch + drag router + hover dispatch), `_chrome`, `_waveform`, `_deck` — plus the two band-independent surfaces (`_browse` for the modal picker, `_curve` for the velocity-curve popup) and `editor_platform` (IPlugView/Win32 window plumbing). Shared internals in `editor_internal.h`, no TU of its own. Drop-onto-editor ingest is NOT shipped (deferred).
 - `reasampler_embed` — implements `IReaperUIEmbedInterface` so the instrument draws inline in the TCP/MCP without a plugin-owned HWND; delegates layout to `embed_strip`. A read-only readout: the loaded capture across the keyboard span with its root marked, plus the activity level. It takes no mouse input (there is nothing on the strip to select).
+- `editor_stroke` — the editor's LICE side of the analytic stroker: builds a coverage mask with the pure `core/ui/stroke_aa` and blends it into the bitmap ONCE, writing straight to the bitmap's bits (the arithmetic matches LICE's own mode-0 combine, so a stroke composites identically to every other kit draw). Every radial and spline stroke on the editor routes through `strokeArcAA` / `strokePolylineAA` / `strokeLineAA`. Holds the draw-thread-only scratch mask and arc point list — reuse, not a hidden dependency: threading a canvas through the eight paint sites would grow those signatures to carry an allocation detail. Deliberately does NOT touch `shell/panel/draw_kit`: the waveform stroke, the docked bank panel and the browse cards are out of this seam's blast radius.
 - `vst_entry` — VST3 entry point: `GetPluginFactory` export, class registration, channel-forked class UIDs.
 - `editor_internal.h` — INTERNAL shared helpers for the `reasampler_editor` TU family, included only by the editor's own shell TUs (`editor_session` / `editor_controls` / `editor_paint_*` / `editor_input_*` / `editor_platform`), never a public seam: the `Rect`↔kit adapters, small draw primitives (knob face / title band), label helpers, and the velocity-curve box derivation — the helpers more than one band TU needs. The deck's control ids, group ids and group composition are the pure `deck_groups` module's, not this file's. The piano-strip and root-key draws live in `editor_paint_chrome`, their only consumer, not here.
 - `reasampler_vst.h` — shared identity constants for the ReaSampler VST3 instrument (Phase S): the plugin's class UID (the channel-selected `Steinberg::FUID`, built from the FOREVER-FROZEN macros in `core/wire/reasampler_uid.h`), vendor name/URL/email, so the processor, factory, and editor agree. A class UID is FOREVER-STABLE once shipped — minted once, never regenerated. *(Newly authored per this dispatch's brief — no existing root-CLAUDE.md bullet; verified by reading `src/shell/instrument/reasampler_vst.h` directly.)*

src/shell/instrument/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ if(WIN32 AND EXISTS "${VST3_SDK}/public.sdk/source/main/pluginfactory.cpp")
         editor_input_deck.cpp
         editor_input_browse.cpp
         editor_input_curve.cpp
+        editor_stroke.cpp
         editor_platform.cpp
         reasampler_embed.cpp
         reaper_bridge.cpp
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ if(WIN32 AND EXISTS "${VST3_SDK}/public.sdk/source/main/pluginfactory.cpp")
         waveform_view bank_sync browser_scroll param_slider tooltip
         theme component_geometry bank_grid trigger_seam envelope_overlay envelope_edit
         knob_deck deck_groups deck_values curve_popup spline_edit master_gain sample_usage
-        file_bytes curve_law)
+        file_bytes curve_law stroke_aa)
     # SDK_INC gives the REAPER VST3 interfaces + API header for the bridge; WDL_INC gives
     # LICE for the editor. The VST3 SDK headers arrive via vst3_sdk PUBLIC.
     target_include_directories(reasampler_vst PRIVATE ${REASAMPLER_SRC_DIR} ${SDK_INC} ${WDL_INC})

src/shell/instrument/editor_internal.h

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "core/instrument/ui/param_slider.h"       // KnobGeometry / KnobArc (drawKnobFace)
 #include "core/ui/component_geometry.h"            // KitBox / waveformColumnCount
 #include "core/ui/theme.h"                         // Role / InteractionState / KitColor / spectralColor
+#include "shell/instrument/editor_stroke.h"        // strokeArcAA / strokePolylineAA
 #include "shell/panel/draw_kit.h"                  // the L1 draw kit: fillSurface/text/drawWaveform/toLice
 #endif
 
@@ -111,11 +112,11 @@ inline void drawTitleBand(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const instrument::ui::Rect& title,
     kitText(bmp, titleText, readout.c_str(), Font::Title, ui::Role::TextPrimary);
 }
 
-// Stroke widths for the radial faces. The value arc is drawn as adjacent 1px AA arcs rather
+// Stroke widths for the radial faces. Every arc is ONE analytic stroke (editor_stroke.h) whose
-// than one thick primitive — LICE has no thick-arc call, and stacking radii is what keeps every
+// outer edge sits on the knob's radius, so the centerline is inset by half the width.
-// ring antialiased.
+inline constexpr float kKnobTrackArcPx = 1.0f;
-inline constexpr int kKnobValueArcPx = 3;
+inline constexpr float kKnobValueArcPx = 3.0f;
-inline constexpr int kInnerDialArcPx = 2;
+inline constexpr float kInnerDialArcPx = 2.0f;
 inline constexpr int kKnobNeedlePx = 2;
 
 // Draws one radial knob face: param_slider owns the value<->angle map; this turns it into
@@ -143,27 +144,26 @@ inline void drawKnobFace(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const instrument::ui::Rect& knobRect
     const float a0 = static_cast<float>((arc.startDeg - 360.0) * kDegToRad);
     const float a1 = static_cast<float>(
         (arc.startDeg + instrument::ui::knobSweepDeg(arc) - 360.0) * kDegToRad);
-    LICE_Arc(bmp, cx, cy, rOuter, a0, a1, toLice(ui::roleColor(ui::Role::LineHairline)), 1.0f, 0,
+    strokeArcAA(bmp, cx, cy, rOuter - kKnobTrackArcPx * 0.5f, a0, a1, kKnobTrackArcPx,
-             true);
+                toLice(ui::roleColor(ui::Role::LineHairline)));
     const double v = value01 < 0.0 ? 0.0 : (value01 > 1.0 ? 1.0 : value01);
     if (v > 0.0) {
         const float av = static_cast<float>(
             (arc.startDeg + v * instrument::ui::knobSweepDeg(arc) - 360.0) * kDegToRad);
         const ui::Role valueRole = disabled ? ui::Role::TextDim
                                             : (hot ? ui::Role::AccentHot : ui::Role::AccentPrimary);
-        const LICE_pixel valueCol = toLice(ui::roleColor(valueRole));
+        strokeArcAA(bmp, cx, cy, rOuter - kKnobValueArcPx * 0.5f, a0, av, kKnobValueArcPx,
-        for (int i = 0; i < kKnobValueArcPx; ++i) {
+                    toLice(ui::roleColor(valueRole)));
-            LICE_Arc(bmp, cx, cy, rOuter - static_cast<float>(i), a0, av, valueCol, 1.0f, 0, true);
     }
-    }
+    // Needle: from ~35% radius out to the rim at the value's angle, stroked through the same
-    // Needle: from ~35% radius out to the rim at the value's angle. ThickFLine keeps the float
+    // analytic path as the arcs so it holds its weight at every knob position.
-    // endpoints AND is always antialiased, so the needle is smooth at every angle.
     const KnobPoint tip = instrument::ui::knobNeedlePoint(kg, arc, v);
     const double ix = kg.centerX + (tip.x - kg.centerX) * 0.35;
     const double iy = kg.centerY + (tip.y - kg.centerY) * 0.35;
     const ui::Role needleRole = disabled ? ui::Role::TextDim : ui::Role::TextPrimary;
-    LICE_ThickFLine(bmp, ix, iy, tip.x, tip.y, toLice(ui::roleColor(needleRole)), 1.0f, 0,
+    strokeLineAA(bmp, static_cast<float>(ix), static_cast<float>(iy),
-                    kKnobNeedlePx);
+                 static_cast<float>(tip.x), static_cast<float>(tip.y),
+                 static_cast<float>(kKnobNeedlePx), toLice(ui::roleColor(needleRole)));
 }
 
 // The concentric INNER dial: a second value on the same cell, drawn in the categorical
@@ -194,15 +194,12 @@ inline void drawInnerDial(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const instrument::ui::Rect& innerRe
         (arc.startDeg + v * instrument::ui::knobSweepDeg(arc) - 360.0) * kDegToRad);
     const ui::Role arcRole = disabled ? ui::Role::TextDim
                                       : (hot ? ui::Role::AccentHot : ui::Role::AccentTertiary);
-    const LICE_pixel arcCol = toLice(ui::roleColor(arcRole));
+    strokeArcAA(bmp, cx, cy, r - kInnerDialArcPx * 0.5f, a0, av, kInnerDialArcPx,
-    for (int i = 0; i < kInnerDialArcPx; ++i) {
+                toLice(ui::roleColor(arcRole)));
-        LICE_Arc(bmp, cx, cy, r - static_cast<float>(i), a0, av, arcCol, 1.0f, 0, true);
-    }
     const KnobPoint tip = instrument::ui::knobNeedlePoint(kg, arc, v);
-    LICE_FLine(bmp, static_cast<float>(kg.centerX), static_cast<float>(kg.centerY),
+    strokeLineAA(bmp, static_cast<float>(kg.centerX), static_cast<float>(kg.centerY),
-               static_cast<float>(tip.x), static_cast<float>(tip.y),
+                 static_cast<float>(tip.x), static_cast<float>(tip.y), 1.0f,
-               toLice(ui::roleColor(disabled ? ui::Role::TextDim : ui::Role::AccentTertiary)),
+                 toLice(ui::roleColor(disabled ? ui::Role::TextDim : ui::Role::AccentTertiary)));
-               1.0f, 0, true);
 }
 
 #endif  // _WIN32

src/shell/instrument/editor_paint_curve.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 
+#include <vector>
+
 #include "core/instrument/ui/curve_popup.h"     // centered curve-popup sheet geometry
 #include "shell/instrument/editor_internal.h"   // kit adapters + curveBoxFromRect
 #include "shell/instrument/reasampler_processor.h"
@@ -17,6 +19,10 @@ using namespace reasampler::instrument::ui;  // popup geometry
 
 namespace {
 
+// The deck thumbnail traces a hairline; the full editor matches the envelope traces' weight.
+constexpr float kMiniTracePx = 1.0f;
+constexpr float kCurveTracePx = 2.0f;
+
 const char* curveTitle(CurveTarget target) {
     switch (target) {
         case CurveTarget::kPitch:  return "VELOCITY -> PITCH";
@@ -57,15 +63,15 @@ void ReaSamplerEditor::paintCurveButton(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const Rect& r, CurveT
         }
         const LICE_pixel trace =
             toLice(roleColor(disabled ? Role::LineHairline : Role::AccentSecondary));
-        int prevX = 0, prevY = 0;
+        static thread_local std::vector<ui::StrokePoint> pts;
+        pts.clear();
         for (int px = 0; px <= mini.width; ++px) {
             const int mx = mini.left + px;
             const double vel = curve.pointFromPixel(mini, mx, mini.top).velocity;
-            const int my = curve.pixelFromPoint(mini, {vel, curve.eval(vel)}).y;
+            const auto p = curve.subpixelFromPoint(mini, {vel, curve.eval(vel)});
-            if (px > 0) LICE_Line(bmp, prevX, prevY, mx, my, trace, 1.0f, 0, true);
+            pts.push_back(ui::StrokePoint{static_cast<float>(mx), static_cast<float>(p.y)});
-            prevX = mx;
-            prevY = my;
         }
+        strokePolylineAA(bmp, pts, kMiniTracePx, trace);
     }
 }
 
@@ -114,19 +120,18 @@ void ReaSamplerEditor::paintVelocityCurve(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const Rect& r) {
     // Trace the monotone spline — ONE eval per x column over the mapping box, in the categorical
     // secondary accent (the same grammar as the envelope trace over the waveform). The x ->
     // velocity and value -> y mappings both go through the pure module so the trace, the node
-    // handles, and the hit-test all share one coordinate system.
+    // handles, and the hit-test all share one coordinate system (sub-pixel for the trace — see
+    // subpixelFromPoint).
     const LICE_pixel line = toLice(roleColor(Role::AccentSecondary));
-    int prevX = 0, prevY = 0;
+    static thread_local std::vector<ui::StrokePoint> pts;
+    pts.clear();
     for (int px = 0; px <= box.width; ++px) {
         const int cx = box.left + px;
         const double vel = curve.pointFromPixel(box, cx, box.top).velocity;
-        const int cy = curve.pixelFromPoint(box, {vel, curve.eval(vel)}).y;
+        const auto p = curve.subpixelFromPoint(box, {vel, curve.eval(vel)});
-        // Same weight and antialiasing the envelope traces use — one trace grammar across every
+        pts.push_back(ui::StrokePoint{static_cast<float>(cx), static_cast<float>(p.y)});
-        // curve surface (editor_paint_waveform.cpp owns why ThickFLine and not LICE_Line).
-        if (px > 0) LICE_ThickFLine(bmp, prevX, prevY, cx, cy, line, 1.0f, 0, 2);
-        prevX = cx;
-        prevY = cy;
     }
+    strokePolylineAA(bmp, pts, kCurveTracePx, line);
 
     // Draggable node handles (mirror of the envelope overlay's): accent-primary squares lifted
     // to accent-hot when grabbed or hovered, or warn when a drag-off delete is armed (cursor

src/shell/instrument/editor_paint_waveform.cpp

@@ -42,11 +42,9 @@ constexpr int kEnvHandleRadius        = 3;
 constexpr int kEnvHandleGrabbedRadius = 5;
 constexpr int kEnvHandleRingPx        = 2;
 
-// Both envelope traces — staged and drawn — are one grammar and one weight. LICE_ThickFLine is
+// Both envelope traces — staged and drawn — are one grammar and one weight. Two pixels is what
-// ALWAYS antialiased (unlike LICE_Line, whose aa flag does nothing on an axis-aligned run), and
+// reads as a trace rather than a hairline over the waveform behind it.
-// the second pixel of width is what stops a shallow slope reading as a staircase over the
+constexpr float kEnvTracePx = 2.0f;
-// waveform behind it.
-constexpr int kEnvTracePx = 2;
 }  // namespace
 
 void ReaSamplerEditor::paintWaveform(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const Rect& band) {
@@ -143,21 +141,22 @@ void ReaSamplerEditor::paintSplineOverlay(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const OverlayArea&
     if (box.width <= 0 || box.height <= 1) return;
     const VelocityCurve& curve = splineFor(overlayEnv_);
 
-    // One eval per drawn column, through the curve's own pixel maps, so the trace and the
+    // One eval per drawn column, through the curve's own pixel maps, so the trace and the handles
-    // handles share the coordinate system the hit-test resolves against.
+    // share the coordinate system the hit-test resolves against (sub-pixel here — see
+    // subpixelFromPoint).
     const LICE_pixel line = toLice(roleColor(Role::OverlayTrace));
-    int prevX = 0, prevY = 0;
+    static thread_local std::vector<ui::StrokePoint> trace;
+    trace.clear();
     // < not <=: box.left + box.width is the overlay's own EXCLUSIVE right edge (the box has no
     // inset, unlike the popup's), so a <= column paints one pixel into the next band's pad —
     // and it is redundant with the clamped endpoint handle below anyway.
     for (int px = 0; px < box.width; ++px) {
         const int cx = box.left + px;
         const double t = curve.pointFromPixel(box, cx, box.top).velocity;
-        const int cy = curve.pixelFromPoint(box, {t, curve.eval(t)}).y;
+        const auto p = curve.subpixelFromPoint(box, {t, curve.eval(t)});
-        if (px > 0) LICE_ThickFLine(bmp, prevX, prevY, cx, cy, line, 1.0f, 0, kEnvTracePx);
+        trace.push_back(ui::StrokePoint{static_cast<float>(cx), static_cast<float>(p.y)});
-        prevX = cx;
-        prevY = cy;
     }
+    strokePolylineAA(bmp, trace, kEnvTracePx, line);
 
     // Handles carry two independent states on the same mark, so they use two independent
     // channels: SIZE is the grab (the staged painter's grammar — a hotter hue reads as lower
@@ -211,18 +210,18 @@ void ReaSamplerEditor::paintEnvelopeOverlay(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const OverlayArea
     const StageEnvelope env = packEnvelope(overlayEnv_, params_.play, frames, startFrame);
     const std::vector<EnvVertex> poly = buildEnvelopePolyline(env, waveArea, totalSeconds);
 
-    // Clip x to the wave rect. Knots are handles, not line vertices.
+    // Clip x to the wave rect. Knots are handles, not line vertices. Vertices stay INTEGER here
+    // — unlike the spline traces above — because they are the same positions the draggable
+    // handles are drawn at, and a sub-pixel trace would sit off its own handles.
     const LICE_pixel line = toLice(roleColor(Role::OverlayTrace));
-    const EnvVertex* prev = nullptr;
+    static thread_local std::vector<ui::StrokePoint> trace;
+    trace.clear();
     for (const EnvVertex& v : poly) {
         if (v.knot) continue;
-        if (prev != nullptr) {
+        const int vx = (std::max)(area.x, (std::min)(area.right() - 1, v.x));
-            const int x0 = (std::max)(area.x, (std::min)(area.right() - 1, prev->x));
+        trace.push_back(ui::StrokePoint{static_cast<float>(vx), static_cast<float>(v.y)});
-            const int x1 = (std::max)(area.x, (std::min)(area.right() - 1, v.x));
-            LICE_ThickFLine(bmp, x0, prev->y, x1, v.y, line, 1.0f, 0, kEnvTracePx);
-        }
-        prev = &v;
     }
+    strokePolylineAA(bmp, trace, kEnvTracePx, line);
     // Handles: a square per draggable stage node, a ROUND knot per curvable segment. Every
     // vertex is guaranteed in-bounds; the handle is additionally clamped inside the band so one
     // on an edge node never overhangs into the neighbouring bands.

src/shell/instrument/editor_stroke.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#include "shell/instrument/editor_stroke.h"
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace reasampler::vst {
+namespace {
+
+// Draw-thread-only scratch. It lives here rather than on the editor because a stroke is a leaf
+// draw call reached from eight paint sites — threading a canvas through every one of them would
+// grow those signatures to carry an allocation detail. Reuse is the point: after the first paint
+// the mask and the point list are resized, never reallocated.
+thread_local ui::StrokeCanvas g_canvas;
+thread_local std::vector<ui::StrokePoint> g_arcPoints;
+
+// One blend of the finished mask. The arithmetic matches LICE's own mode-0 combine
+// (src + (dst-src)*(256-a)/256 on all four channels, alpha in .8 fixed point) so a stroke
+// composites identically to every other kit draw on the same surface — written straight to the
+// bitmap's bits rather than through LICE_PutPixel, which re-derives the row pointer per pixel.
+void blendCanvas(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const ui::StrokeCanvas& canvas, LICE_pixel color,
+                 float alpha) {
+    const ui::Rect& b = canvas.bounds();
+    if (b.empty() || alpha <= 0.0f) return;
+    LICE_pixel* const bits = bmp->getBits();
+    const int span = bmp->getRowSpan();
+    if (bits == nullptr || span <= 0) return;
+    const bool flipped = bmp->isFlipped();
+    const int lastRow = bmp->getHeight() - 1;
+
+    const int sr = LICE_GETR(color);
+    const int sg = LICE_GETG(color);
+    const int sb = LICE_GETB(color);
+    const int sa = LICE_GETA(color);
+    for (int y = b.y; y < b.bottom(); ++y) {
+        const int lo = canvas.rowLo(y);
+        const int hi = canvas.rowHi(y);
+        if (hi <= lo) continue;
+        const float* const cov = canvas.rowData(y);
+        LICE_pixel* const row =
+            bits + static_cast<std::size_t>(flipped ? lastRow - y : y) *
+                       static_cast<std::size_t>(span) + static_cast<std::size_t>(b.x);
+        for (int i = lo; i < hi; ++i) {
+            const int ia = static_cast<int>(cov[i] * alpha * 256.0f);
+            if (ia <= 0) continue;
+            if (ia >= 256) {
+                row[i] = color;
+                continue;
+            }
+            const int sc = 256 - ia;
+            LICE_pixel_chan* const d = reinterpret_cast<LICE_pixel_chan*>(row + i);
+            d[LICE_PIXEL_R] = static_cast<LICE_pixel_chan>(sr + ((d[LICE_PIXEL_R] - sr) * sc) / 256);
+            d[LICE_PIXEL_G] = static_cast<LICE_pixel_chan>(sg + ((d[LICE_PIXEL_G] - sg) * sc) / 256);
+            d[LICE_PIXEL_B] = static_cast<LICE_pixel_chan>(sb + ((d[LICE_PIXEL_B] - sb) * sc) / 256);
+            d[LICE_PIXEL_A] = static_cast<LICE_pixel_chan>(sa + ((d[LICE_PIXEL_A] - sa) * sc) / 256);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+ui::Rect bitmapRect(LICE_IBitmap* bmp) {
+    return ui::Rect{0, 0, bmp->getWidth(), bmp->getHeight()};
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+void strokePolylineAA(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const ui::StrokePoint* pts, std::size_t count,
+                      float widthPx, LICE_pixel color, float alpha) {
+    if (bmp == nullptr || pts == nullptr || count == 0 || widthPx <= 0.0f) return;
+    ui::strokePolyline(g_canvas, pts, count, widthPx * 0.5f, bitmapRect(bmp));
+    blendCanvas(bmp, g_canvas, color, alpha);
+}
+
+void strokeArcAA(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, float cx, float cy, float radius, float startRad, float endRad,
+                 float widthPx, LICE_pixel color, float alpha) {
+    if (bmp == nullptr || widthPx <= 0.0f) return;
+    g_arcPoints.clear();
+    ui::appendArc(g_arcPoints, cx, cy, radius, startRad, endRad);
+    strokePolylineAA(bmp, g_arcPoints.data(), g_arcPoints.size(), widthPx, color, alpha);
+}
+
+}  // namespace reasampler::vst
+
+#endif  // _WIN32

src/shell/instrument/editor_stroke.h

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// editor_stroke.h — the editor's LICE side of the analytic stroker: build a coverage mask with
+// the pure `core/ui/stroke_aa` module, blend it into the bitmap ONCE.
+//
+// Every radial and spline stroke on the editor goes through here. LICE's own primitives cannot
+// serve these two shapes: LICE_Arc rasterizes a whole circle clipped per 90-degree box and splits
+// one unit of ink across two pixels by the radius's fractional part (so a stacked-radii arc never
+// reaches an opaque core), and LICE_ThickFLine lays its width along the MINOR axis (so a curve's
+// perpendicular weight falls off as cos(theta) and thins at every diagonal).
+
+#pragma once
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "lice/lice.h"
+#include "wdltypes.h"
+
+#include "core/ui/rect.h"
+#include "core/ui/stroke_aa.h"
+
+namespace reasampler::vst {
+
+// Blends a polyline as one antialiased stroke of `widthPx`. Clipped to the bitmap. Takes a raw
+// span so a short stroke (a knob needle) can pass a stack array and cost no allocation.
+void strokePolylineAA(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const ui::StrokePoint* pts, std::size_t count,
+                      float widthPx, LICE_pixel color, float alpha = 1.0f);
+
+inline void strokePolylineAA(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, const std::vector<ui::StrokePoint>& pts,
+                             float widthPx, LICE_pixel color, float alpha = 1.0f) {
+    strokePolylineAA(bmp, pts.data(), pts.size(), widthPx, color, alpha);
+}
+
+// A single antialiased segment — the two-point polyline, spelled out for the call sites that
+// have exactly two endpoints.
+inline void strokeLineAA(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, float x0, float y0, float x1, float y1, float widthPx,
+                         LICE_pixel color, float alpha = 1.0f) {
+    const ui::StrokePoint pts[2] = {{x0, y0}, {x1, y1}};
+    strokePolylineAA(bmp, pts, 2, widthPx, color, alpha);
+}
+
+// Blends a circular arc as one antialiased stroke of `widthPx`. Angles are radians in LICE's
+// convention (0 = 12 o'clock, increasing clockwise), matching what LICE_Arc took.
+void strokeArcAA(LICE_IBitmap* bmp, float cx, float cy, float radius, float startRad, float endRad,
+                 float widthPx, LICE_pixel color, float alpha = 1.0f);
+
+}  // namespace reasampler::vst
+
+#endif  // _WIN32

tests/test_stroke_aa.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+// Standalone tests for reasampler::ui::stroke_aa — no REAPER, no LICE, no framework.
+// Same fast assert loop as the sibling pure tests.
+//
+// The three properties here are the ones the shipped LICE draws failed, so each is asserted as a
+// NUMBER rather than eyeballed: an opaque core (LICE_Arc's AA circle splits one unit of ink across
+// two pixels by the radius's fraction, so no pixel ever reached 255); perpendicular weight that
+// does not vary with angle (LICE_ThickFLine lays its width along the minor axis, rippling 42%
+// around a knob sweep); and MAX-into-scratch accumulation (per-segment blending re-lays ink over
+// the previous segment's fringe, which is what made a stroke read as a glow).
+
+#include "../src/core/ui/stroke_aa.h"
+
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <vector>
+
+using namespace reasampler;
+using namespace reasampler::ui;
+
+static int g_fail = 0;
+#define CHECK(cond) do { if(!(cond)) { \
+    std::printf("FAIL line %d: %s\n", __LINE__, #cond); ++g_fail; } } while(0)
+
+static const Rect kBig{0, 0, 240, 240};
+static constexpr float kPi = 3.14159265358979323846f;
+
+// --- helpers -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static float peakCoverage(const StrokeCanvas& c) {
+    float peak = 0.0f;
+    const Rect& b = c.bounds();
+    for (int y = b.y; y < b.bottom(); ++y)
+        for (int x = b.x; x < b.right(); ++x)
+            if (c.coverageAt(x, y) > peak) peak = c.coverageAt(x, y);
+    return peak;
+}
+
+static float totalInk(const StrokeCanvas& c) {
+    float sum = 0.0f;
+    const Rect& b = c.bounds();
+    for (int y = b.y; y < b.bottom(); ++y)
+        for (int x = b.x; x < b.right(); ++x) sum += c.coverageAt(x, y);
+    return sum;
+}
+
+// Ink per unit length across a window in the MIDDLE of a straight stroke, binned by each pixel's
+// projection onto the stroke direction. This is literally "perpendicular weight": for a stroke of
+// half-width hw the answer is 2*hw at every angle, and it is the measurement that fails against a
+// minor-axis-width primitive.
+static float perpendicularWeight(float angleDeg, float halfWidth) {
+    const float a = angleDeg * kPi / 180.0f;
+    const float dx = std::cos(a), dy = std::sin(a);
+    const float cx = 120.0f, cy = 120.0f;
+    const float half = 90.0f;   // stroke reaches well past the window on both sides
+    const float win = 40.0f;    // window half-length, clear of both round caps
+    const StrokePoint pts[2] = {{cx - dx * half, cy - dy * half},
+                                {cx + dx * half, cy + dy * half}};
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    strokePolyline(c, pts, 2, halfWidth, kBig);
+    float sum = 0.0f;
+    const Rect& b = c.bounds();
+    for (int y = b.y; y < b.bottom(); ++y) {
+        for (int x = b.x; x < b.right(); ++x) {
+            const float s = (static_cast<float>(x) + 0.5f - cx) * dx +
+                            (static_cast<float>(y) + 0.5f - cy) * dy;
+            if (s >= -win && s < win) sum += c.coverageAt(x, y);
+        }
+    }
+    return sum / (2.0f * win);
+}
+
+// --- coverage / distance math ------------------------------------------------
+
+static void testStraightStrokeHasAnOpaqueCore() {
+    // The shipped defect stated numerically: peak alpha must reach full, not 137-192/255.
+    for (float w : {2.0f, 3.0f}) {
+        for (float deg : {0.0f, 17.0f, 45.0f, 63.0f, 90.0f}) {
+            const float a = deg * kPi / 180.0f;
+            const StrokePoint pts[2] = {{120.0f - 80.0f * std::cos(a), 120.0f - 80.0f * std::sin(a)},
+                                        {120.0f + 80.0f * std::cos(a), 120.0f + 80.0f * std::sin(a)}};
+            StrokeCanvas c;
+            strokePolyline(c, pts, 2, w * 0.5f, kBig);
+            CHECK(peakCoverage(c) >= 0.999f);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void testPerpendicularWeightIsAngleIndependent() {
+    // The criterion that killed the ThickFLine option: it dips to wid*cos(theta) at every 45
+    // degrees. An axis-aligned-only sample would pass against it, so sample the diagonals.
+    for (float w : {2.0f, 3.0f}) {
+        float lo = 1e9f, hi = -1e9f;
+        for (float deg = 0.0f; deg <= 90.0f; deg += 7.5f) {
+            const float m = perpendicularWeight(deg, w * 0.5f);
+            if (m < lo) lo = m;
+            if (m > hi) hi = m;
+            CHECK(std::fabs(m - w) < 0.06f * w);   // within 6% of nominal at every angle
+        }
+        CHECK((hi - lo) / w < 0.08f);              // and the spread across angles is under 8%
+    }
+}
+
+static void testWeightHoldsAtTheExactDiagonal() {
+    // Pinned separately because 45 degrees is where the rejected primitive was worst (0.707x).
+    const float m = perpendicularWeight(45.0f, 1.0f);
+    CHECK(m > 1.88f && m < 2.12f);
+}
+
+static void testZeroLengthSegmentIsARoundDot() {
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    c.reset(kBig);
+    c.addSegment(60.0f, 60.0f, 60.0f, 60.0f, 1.5f);   // degenerate: start == end
+    CHECK(peakCoverage(c) >= 0.999f);
+    // Radially symmetric about the point, and zero well outside the reach.
+    CHECK(std::fabs(c.coverageAt(58, 60) - c.coverageAt(61, 60)) < 1e-5f);
+    CHECK(std::fabs(c.coverageAt(60, 58) - c.coverageAt(60, 61)) < 1e-5f);
+    CHECK(c.coverageAt(65, 60) == 0.0f);
+    CHECK(c.coverageAt(60, 65) == 0.0f);
+}
+
+static void testZeroLengthPolylineOfOnePointDraws() {
+    const StrokePoint one[1] = {{40.0f, 40.0f}};
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    strokePolyline(c, one, 1, 1.5f, kBig);
+    CHECK(!c.bounds().empty());
+    CHECK(peakCoverage(c) >= 0.999f);
+}
+
+static void testVerticalSegmentIsContinuousAndFullWeight() {
+    // Infinite slope: dx == 0 exactly, the case an x-stepping rasterizer cannot express.
+    const StrokePoint pts[2] = {{100.0f, 20.0f}, {100.0f, 200.0f}};
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    strokePolyline(c, pts, 2, 1.0f, kBig);
+    for (int y = 25; y < 195; ++y) {
+        float rowPeak = 0.0f, rowInk = 0.0f;
+        for (int x = 90; x < 110; ++x) {
+            rowPeak = c.coverageAt(x, y) > rowPeak ? c.coverageAt(x, y) : rowPeak;
+            rowInk += c.coverageAt(x, y);
+        }
+        CHECK(rowPeak >= 0.999f);                     // no gap, no weak row
+        CHECK(std::fabs(rowInk - 2.0f) < 0.02f);      // and uniform weight down the whole run
+    }
+}
+
+static void testNearVerticalSegmentIsContinuous() {
+    // The slope that broke into dots on screen: steep but not exactly vertical, so the old
+    // integer-y loop quantized it into alternating 1/2-px steps.
+    const StrokePoint pts[2] = {{100.0f, 20.0f}, {103.0f, 200.0f}};
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    strokePolyline(c, pts, 2, 1.0f, kBig);
+    for (int y = 25; y < 195; ++y) {
+        float rowPeak = 0.0f;
+        for (int x = 90; x < 115; ++x)
+            rowPeak = c.coverageAt(x, y) > rowPeak ? c.coverageAt(x, y) : rowPeak;
+        CHECK(rowPeak >= 0.999f);
+    }
+}
+
+static void testCoverageFallsOffOverExactlyOnePixel() {
+    // The AA fringe is one pixel wide by construction: cov = clamp(hw + 0.5 - d, 0, 1). With the
+    // centreline on an integer y, pixel centres sit at d = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 — one saturated row, one
+    // exactly-half fringe row, then nothing.
+    const StrokePoint pts[2] = {{20.0f, 100.0f}, {220.0f, 100.0f}};
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    strokePolyline(c, pts, 2, 1.5f, kBig);
+    CHECK(std::fabs(c.coverageAt(120, 99) - 1.0f) < 1e-4f);    // d = 0.5 -> saturated
+    CHECK(std::fabs(c.coverageAt(120, 98) - 0.5f) < 1e-4f);    // d = 1.5 -> half
+    CHECK(c.coverageAt(120, 97) == 0.0f);                      // d = 2.5 -> past the reach
+}
+
+// --- accumulation semantics --------------------------------------------------
+
+static void testOverlappingSegmentsTakeTheMaxNotTheSum() {
+    // The whole point of the scratch mask: an overlap must not read brighter than one stroke, or
+    // the joints of a 500-segment contour build up into a glow.
+    StrokeCanvas one;
+    one.reset(kBig);
+    one.addSegment(40.0f, 100.3f, 160.0f, 100.3f, 1.0f);
+
+    // Locate a genuinely partial fringe pixel rather than assuming which row it lands on — the
+    // assertion below is only meaningful on a pixel that is neither empty nor already saturated.
+    int fy = -1;
+    for (int y = 95; y < 106; ++y) {
+        const float v = one.coverageAt(100, y);
+        if (v > 0.05f && v < 0.95f) { fy = y; break; }
+    }
+    CHECK(fy != -1);
+    if (fy == -1) return;
+    const float soloEdge = one.coverageAt(100, fy);
+
+    StrokeCanvas both;
+    both.reset(kBig);
+    both.addSegment(40.0f, 100.3f, 160.0f, 100.3f, 1.0f);
+    both.addSegment(40.0f, 100.3f, 160.0f, 100.3f, 1.0f);   // exactly on top of the first
+    CHECK(std::fabs(both.coverageAt(100, fy) - soloEdge) < 1e-6f);
+    CHECK(totalInk(both) <= totalInk(one) + 1e-3f);
+}
+
+static void testNoPixelEverExceedsFullCoverage() {
+    // Many mutually overlapping segments through one point — the pile-up case.
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    c.reset(kBig);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i) {
+        const float a = static_cast<float>(i) * kPi / 12.0f;
+        c.addSegment(120.0f - 60.0f * std::cos(a), 120.0f - 60.0f * std::sin(a),
+                     120.0f + 60.0f * std::cos(a), 120.0f + 60.0f * std::sin(a), 1.5f);
+    }
+    const Rect& b = c.bounds();
+    for (int y = b.y; y < b.bottom(); ++y)
+        for (int x = b.x; x < b.right(); ++x) CHECK(c.coverageAt(x, y) <= 1.0f);
+}
+
+static void testRevisitedRowGapReadsZeroNotGarbage() {
+    // A circle touches most rows on BOTH sides, leaving an untouched gap between the two spans.
+    // The row's valid extent grows over that gap, so the gap must be zero-filled, not left at
+    // whatever the reused scratch buffer held.
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    c.reset(kBig);
+    c.addSegment(30.0f, 100.0f, 30.0f, 140.0f, 1.5f);   // dirty the buffer on the left
+    c.reset(kBig);
+    std::vector<StrokePoint> ring;
+    appendArc(ring, 120.0f, 120.0f, 60.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f * kPi);
+    strokePolyline(c, ring.data(), ring.size(), 1.5f, kBig);
+    for (int x = 100; x < 140; ++x) CHECK(c.coverageAt(x, 120) == 0.0f);  // hollow middle
+}
+
+// --- bounds / clipping -------------------------------------------------------
+
+static void testBoundsClipToTheClipRectAndCoverTheReach() {
+    const StrokePoint pts[2] = {{10.0f, 10.0f}, {50.0f, 50.0f}};
+    const Rect b = strokeBounds(pts, 2, 1.5f, kBig);
+    CHECK(b.x <= 8 && b.y <= 8);
+    CHECK(b.right() >= 52 && b.bottom() >= 52);
+
+    const Rect clipped = strokeBounds(pts, 2, 1.5f, Rect{20, 20, 10, 10});
+    CHECK(clipped.x == 20 && clipped.y == 20);
+    CHECK(clipped.right() == 30 && clipped.bottom() == 30);
+
+    const StrokePoint away[2] = {{500.0f, 500.0f}, {600.0f, 600.0f}};
+    CHECK(strokeBounds(away, 2, 1.5f, kBig).empty());   // wholly outside -> nothing to draw
+}
+
+static void testStrokeEntirelyOutsideTheClipDrawsNothing() {
+    const StrokePoint away[2] = {{500.0f, 500.0f}, {600.0f, 600.0f}};
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    strokePolyline(c, away, 2, 1.5f, kBig);
+    CHECK(c.bounds().empty());
+}
+
+static void testCoverageOutsideTheValidSpanReadsZero() {
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    c.reset(kBig);
+    c.addSegment(100.0f, 100.0f, 140.0f, 100.0f, 1.0f);
+    CHECK(c.coverageAt(10, 100) == 0.0f);    // same row, outside the touched span
+    CHECK(c.coverageAt(120, 10) == 0.0f);    // an untouched row entirely
+    CHECK(c.coverageAt(-5, 100) == 0.0f);    // outside the canvas
+    CHECK(c.coverageAt(1000, 1000) == 0.0f);
+}
+
+// --- long-segment subdivision ------------------------------------------------
+
+static void testSubdivisionDoesNotChangeTheRenderedStroke() {
+    // Pieces exist to keep each bounding box tight; min-distance to a partition IS min-distance
+    // to the whole, so the output must be identical to the same span drawn in short hops.
+    const StrokePoint whole[2] = {{20.0f, 20.0f}, {200.0f, 140.0f}};
+    StrokeCanvas a;
+    strokePolyline(a, whole, 2, 1.0f, kBig);
+
+    std::vector<StrokePoint> hops;
+    for (int i = 0; i <= 180; ++i) {
+        const float t = static_cast<float>(i) / 180.0f;
+        hops.push_back(StrokePoint{20.0f + 180.0f * t, 20.0f + 120.0f * t});
+    }
+    StrokeCanvas b;
+    strokePolyline(b, hops.data(), hops.size(), 1.0f, kBig);
+
+    CHECK(a.bounds() == b.bounds());
+    float worst = 0.0f;
+    for (int y = kBig.y; y < kBig.bottom(); ++y)
+        for (int x = kBig.x; x < kBig.right(); ++x) {
+            const float d = std::fabs(a.coverageAt(x, y) - b.coverageAt(x, y));
+            if (d > worst) worst = d;
+        }
+    // Not exactly zero: the two paths split the line at different parameter values, so the
+    // projections differ in the last float bits. Measured worst case 1.6e-5 — a rounding
+    // difference, not a coverage one, and the identical bounds above rule out a clipping gap.
+    CHECK(worst < 1e-4f);
+}
+
+// --- arc flattening ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+static void testArcPointsLieOnTheCircleAndRespectTheFlatness() {
+    std::vector<StrokePoint> pts;
+    appendArc(pts, 100.0f, 100.0f, 17.5f, -2.618f, 2.618f);   // the knob's 300-degree sweep
+    CHECK(pts.size() >= 3);
+    for (const StrokePoint& p : pts) {
+        const float r = std::sqrt((p.x - 100.0f) * (p.x - 100.0f) +
+                                  (p.y - 100.0f) * (p.y - 100.0f));
+        CHECK(std::fabs(r - 17.5f) < 1e-2f);
+    }
+    // Chord sagitta stays inside the requested flatness, with a little numeric slack.
+    for (std::size_t i = 1; i < pts.size(); ++i) {
+        const float mx = 0.5f * (pts[i - 1].x + pts[i].x);
+        const float my = 0.5f * (pts[i - 1].y + pts[i].y);
+        const float rm = std::sqrt((mx - 100.0f) * (mx - 100.0f) + (my - 100.0f) * (my - 100.0f));
+        CHECK(17.5f - rm < kArcFlatnessPx * 1.5f);
+    }
+}
+
+static void testArcDensityGrowsWithRadius() {
+    std::vector<StrokePoint> small, large;
+    appendArc(small, 0.0f, 0.0f, 10.0f, 0.0f, kPi);
+    appendArc(large, 0.0f, 0.0f, 200.0f, 0.0f, kPi);
+    CHECK(large.size() > small.size());
+}
+
+static void testArcFlatteningTerminatesOnDegenerateInputs() {
+    std::vector<StrokePoint> pts;
+    appendArc(pts, 10.0f, 10.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, kPi);              // zero radius
+    CHECK(pts.size() == 1);
+
+    pts.clear();
+    appendArc(pts, 0.0f, 0.0f, 20.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);              // zero sweep
+    CHECK(pts.size() == 2 && std::fabs(pts[0].x - pts[1].x) < 1e-5f);
+
+    pts.clear();
+    appendArc(pts, 0.0f, 0.0f, 20.0f, 0.0f, kPi, 0.0f);         // flatness 0 falls back
+    CHECK(!pts.empty() &&
+          pts.size() <= static_cast<std::size_t>(kMaxArcSegments) + 1);
+
+    pts.clear();
+    appendArc(pts, 0.0f, 0.0f, 20.0f, 0.0f, kPi, -3.0f);        // negative flatness falls back
+    CHECK(!pts.empty() &&
+          pts.size() <= static_cast<std::size_t>(kMaxArcSegments) + 1);
+
+    pts.clear();
+    appendArc(pts, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0e9f, 0.0f, 2.0f * kPi, 1e-6f);  // the cap is the guarantee
+    CHECK(pts.size() <= static_cast<std::size_t>(kMaxArcSegments) + 1);
+
+    pts.clear();
+    appendArc(pts, 0.0f, 0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f, kPi, 50.0f);         // flatness past the diameter
+    CHECK(pts.size() >= 2 && pts.size() <= 8);
+}
+
+// --- an arc as a rendered stroke ---------------------------------------------
+
+static void testKnobArcIsOpaqueAndEvenAllTheWayRound() {
+    // The shipped defect, measured: 27 of 33 columns never reached full opacity and column ink
+    // ran 1.60-3.13 px against a nominal 3. Sweep radially instead of by column so the check is
+    // a true perpendicular cut at every angle, including the cardinals the old code was worst at.
+    const float cx = 120.0f, cy = 120.0f, radius = 16.0f, width = 3.0f;
+    std::vector<StrokePoint> pts;
+    appendArc(pts, cx, cy, radius, -2.618f, 2.618f);
+    StrokeCanvas c;
+    strokePolyline(c, pts.data(), pts.size(), width * 0.5f, kBig);
+
+    float lo = 1e9f, hi = -1e9f;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 72; ++i) {
+        const float a = -2.5f + (5.0f * static_cast<float>(i)) / 71.0f;   // inside the sweep
+        const float ux = std::sin(a), uy = -std::cos(a);
+        float ink = 0.0f, peak = 0.0f;
+        // Integrate along the radial ray in fine steps, converting to a per-pixel weight.
+        constexpr int kSteps = 400;
+        constexpr float kSpan = 8.0f;   // radial window centred on the arc
+        for (int s = 0; s < kSteps; ++s) {
+            const float r = radius - kSpan * 0.5f + kSpan * static_cast<float>(s) / kSteps;
+            const int px = static_cast<int>(std::floor(cx + ux * r));
+            const int py = static_cast<int>(std::floor(cy + uy * r));
+            const float v = c.coverageAt(px, py);
+            ink += v * (kSpan / kSteps);
+            if (v > peak) peak = v;
+        }
+        CHECK(peak >= 0.999f);          // an opaque core at EVERY angle
+        if (ink < lo) lo = ink;
+        if (ink > hi) hi = ink;
+    }
+    CHECK(lo > width * 0.90f);
+    CHECK(hi < width * 1.10f);
+    CHECK((hi - lo) / width < 0.15f);
+}
+
+int main() {
+    testStraightStrokeHasAnOpaqueCore();
+    testPerpendicularWeightIsAngleIndependent();
+    testWeightHoldsAtTheExactDiagonal();
+    testZeroLengthSegmentIsARoundDot();
+    testZeroLengthPolylineOfOnePointDraws();
+    testVerticalSegmentIsContinuousAndFullWeight();
+    testNearVerticalSegmentIsContinuous();
+    testCoverageFallsOffOverExactlyOnePixel();
+    testOverlappingSegmentsTakeTheMaxNotTheSum();
+    testNoPixelEverExceedsFullCoverage();
+    testRevisitedRowGapReadsZeroNotGarbage();
+    testBoundsClipToTheClipRectAndCoverTheReach();
+    testStrokeEntirelyOutsideTheClipDrawsNothing();
+    testCoverageOutsideTheValidSpanReadsZero();
+    testSubdivisionDoesNotChangeTheRenderedStroke();
+    testArcPointsLieOnTheCircleAndRespectTheFlatness();
+    testArcDensityGrowsWithRadius();
+    testArcFlatteningTerminatesOnDegenerateInputs();
+    testKnobArcIsOpaqueAndEvenAllTheWayRound();
+    if (g_fail == 0) std::printf("test_stroke_aa: all tests passed\n");
+    return g_fail == 0 ? 0 : 1;
+}

tests/test_velocity_curve.cpp

@@ -391,6 +391,48 @@ static void testPixelFromPointMapsCornersAndMidpoint() {
     CHECK(clamped.x == 110 && clamped.y == 20);
 }
 
+static void testSubpixelMapIsTheIntegerMapBeforeRounding() {
+    // The antialiased trace draws off subpixelFromPoint while the hit-test still resolves against
+    // pixelFromPoint. If the two were separate formulas the trace would drift off its own handles,
+    // so pin the relationship rather than the sub-pixel values: int == round(subpixel), everywhere.
+    const Box boxes[] = {{10, 20, 100, 51}, {0, 0, 127, 101}, {7, 3, 33, 17}};
+    for (const Box& box : boxes) {
+        for (const VelocityCurve& c : {uni(), bip()}) {
+            for (double v = 0.0; v <= 127.0; v += 1.0) {
+                for (double a = -1.0; a <= 1.0; a += 0.125) {
+                    const auto ip = c.pixelFromPoint(box, {v, a});
+                    const auto fp = c.subpixelFromPoint(box, {v, a});
+                    CHECK(ip.x == box.left + static_cast<int>(fp.x - box.left + 0.5));
+                    CHECK(ip.y == box.top + static_cast<int>(fp.y - box.top + 0.5));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void testSubpixelMapResolvesSlopesTheIntegerMapFlattens() {
+    // The defect this exists for: adjacent columns of a gentle slope round to the SAME integer
+    // row, so an integer-only trace is a staircase. The sub-pixel map must separate them.
+    const Box box{0, 0, 400, 101};
+    const VelocityCurve c = VelocityCurve::linear();
+    int identicalIntRows = 0;
+    double maxSubpixelStep = 0.0, minSubpixelStep = 1e18;
+    for (int x = 1; x <= 200; ++x) {
+        const double v0 = c.pointFromPixel(box, x - 1, box.top).velocity;
+        const double v1 = c.pointFromPixel(box, x, box.top).velocity;
+        const int y0 = c.pixelFromPoint(box, {v0, c.eval(v0)}).y;
+        const int y1 = c.pixelFromPoint(box, {v1, c.eval(v1)}).y;
+        if (y0 == y1) ++identicalIntRows;
+        const double d = std::fabs(c.subpixelFromPoint(box, {v1, c.eval(v1)}).y -
+                                   c.subpixelFromPoint(box, {v0, c.eval(v0)}).y);
+        if (d > maxSubpixelStep) maxSubpixelStep = d;
+        if (d < minSubpixelStep) minSubpixelStep = d;
+    }
+    CHECK(identicalIntRows > 100);                          // the integer map really does flatten
+    CHECK(maxSubpixelStep - minSubpixelStep < 1e-9);        // the sub-pixel one advances evenly
+    CHECK(maxSubpixelStep > 0.0);
+}
+
 static void testPointFromPixelInvertsAndClamps() {
     const Box box{10, 20, 100, 51};
     // Exact corners invert exactly.
@@ -472,6 +514,8 @@ int main() {
     testBipolarPixelMapPutsZeroOnTheCentreLine();
     testBipolarDragCoversTwiceTheValueRange();
     testPixelFromPointMapsCornersAndMidpoint();
+    testSubpixelMapIsTheIntegerMapBeforeRounding();
+    testSubpixelMapResolvesSlopesTheIntegerMapFlattens();
     testPointFromPixelInvertsAndClamps();
     testPixelMapsRoundTripWithinOnePixelQuantum();
     testPixelFromPointAgreesWithPointAtPixel();