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reasampler/src/vst/sampler_core.h
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#pragma once
// sampler_core — the HEART of the Phase S MIDI-playback instrument (D3), deliberately
// free of any VST3 *and* any REAPER type so it compiles and unit-tests OUTSIDE the DAW
// and outside any plugin host. It owns the pure sampler engine: polyphonic voice
// allocation with bounded stealing, an ADSR amplitude envelope, a key/velocity keymap
// with (note, velocity) -> zone resolution, and repitch/interpolation from a root note
// with loop-point-aware sustain.
//
// PURE MODULE (CLAUDE.md §load-bearing split): NO VST3 types, NO REAPER types, NO SWELL,
// NO vendor/ includes, no include from either SDK. Standard library only. The VST3 shell
// (src/vst/reasampler_processor.cpp) marshals MIDI events + audio buffers to and from
// this core; the core never sees a VST3 ProcessData or a REAPER MediaTrack. Enforced
// structurally: sampler_core_tests links neither SDK (see CMakeLists §2i).
//
// It shares the `AudioSample` float alias from peaks — the one house precedent for a
// pure module leaning on peaks for the audio-domain type (wav_trim does the same). The
// S2 seam fields (root note, loop points) enter as plain int / frame-index inputs; the
// core does no file I/O — it is handed decoded sample frames and produces audio frames.
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <vector>
#include "peaks.h" // AudioSample (float)
#include "pitch_shift.h" // PitchShifter (S16 Preserve engine DSP core)
namespace reasampler {
// The instrument's per-instance output channel mode (S7, D-E). MONO keeps the pre-S7
// downmix path (one channel out); STEREO negotiates a 2-channel output bus and renders
// per-channel. A PERFORMANCE choice the instrument owns (component state), never written
// to the bank. Default Mono preserves current behavior. Lives in the pure core as a plain
// value so the shell (bus negotiation, state) and the engine share one spelling; the core
// itself never branches on it — the mode only picks which render overload the shell drives.
enum class ChannelMode { Mono, Stereo };
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// S15/S16 per-zone play PARAMETERS (plain data). Defined up here (before SampleData) because
// SampleData carries a ZonePlayParams by value — a voice reads it at start(). The matching
// per-frame EVALUATOR classes (AHDSR AdsrEnvelope, TriggerEnvelope, PitchEnvelope) live lower
// with the rest of the engine machinery; only the value structs need to precede SampleData.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// AHDSR amplitude envelope parameters (S15 grows the S3 ADSR with a HOLD stage between Attack
// and Decay). holdFrames == 0 is EXACTLY the pre-S15 ADSR (back-compat). See AdsrEnvelope below.
struct AdsrParams {
std::int64_t attackFrames = 0;
std::int64_t holdFrames = 0; // S15: hold at 1.0 between Attack and Decay; 0 = pre-S15 ADSR
std::int64_t decayFrames = 0;
double sustainLevel = 1.0; // 0..1
std::int64_t releaseFrames = 0;
};
// S15 play mode. GATE = classic held note (AHDSR + sustain loop + note-off release, today's
// behavior grown by the hold stage). TRIGGER = one-shot: note-off-immune, no sustain loop,
// plays a % of the sample length shaped by fade-in/out. Both honor the start point. Per-zone
// (D-B); DEFAULT Gate so an instrument with no S15 params plays exactly as before.
enum class PlayMode { Gate, Trigger };
// Trigger amplitude envelope parameters (S15). Playback covers the source-frame span
// [startFrame, playEnd), playEnd = startFrame + round(lengthFraction*(frames - startFrame)),
// lengthFraction in (0,1]. Amplitude ramps 0->1 over fadeInFrames at the head and 1->0 over
// fadeOutFrames anchored to playEnd; unity between. Fades clamp so fadeIn + fadeOut <= play
// length. The voice frees when the head reaches playEnd. Note-off is a no-op in Trigger.
struct TriggerParams {
double lengthFraction = 1.0; // (0,1] of the post-start span to play
std::int64_t fadeInFrames = 0; // 0->1 ramp at the head
std::int64_t fadeOutFrames = 0; // 1->0 ramp anchored to playEnd
};
// The fade curve for Trigger's ramps. EQUAL_POWER (constant-power sin/cos) is the default
// (click-free on one-shots, per spec); LINEAR is the build-time residual. An enum (not a bool)
// so a third curve can join without a signature change.
enum class FadeCurve { EqualPower, Linear };
// The DEFAULT fade curve (S15 spec: equal-power). One constant to flip if linear is wanted.
inline constexpr FadeCurve kDefaultFadeCurve = FadeCurve::EqualPower;
// The per-zone pitch engine. VARISPEED = today's path (readPos_ += ratio_): pitch and duration
// coupled (an octave up plays half as long). PRESERVE = duration-preserving: the read advances
// at the SOURCE rate while a PitchShifter transposes the output (an octave up keeps its length).
enum class PitchEngine { Varispeed, Preserve };
// The PRODUCT DEFAULT pitch engine (S16-F1 — Daniel's "I want duration-preserving repitching"
// directive). ONE constant to flip if Varispeed should be the default instead. This is the
// default a NEW or absent-in-the-blob zone gets — APPLIED AT THE STATE BOUNDARY (sample_map's
// deserialize / editor zone-creation), NOT the pure-core struct default. The pure-core
// ZonePlayParams.pitchEngine member defaults to VARISPEED so that "no params == the pre-S16
// engine" holds for the core's own regression tests (an octave up still halves duration in the
// bare engine); the Preserve product default is layered on above at (de)serialization.
inline constexpr PitchEngine kDefaultPitchEngine = PitchEngine::Preserve;
// The OLA window (frames) the Preserve PitchShifter uses, derived from a window in milliseconds
// at the voice's sample rate. ~50 ms is the WDL quality-0 window the spec cites; larger =
// smoother on big transpositions, more onset latency. One knob, resolved at voice allocation.
inline constexpr double kPreserveWindowMs = 50.0;
// A per-voice AD pitch-modulation envelope (S16), OFF by default (enabled=false -> offset always
// 0 -> playback bit-identical to the un-modulated engine). At note-on the pitch offset rises to
// peakSemitones over attackFrames, then falls to 0 (base pitch) over decayFrames. A zero attack
// gives the pure "start high, drop to base" percussive drop. peakSemitones is signed (+/-).
struct PitchEnvParams {
bool enabled = false;
std::int64_t attackFrames = 0;
std::int64_t decayFrames = 0;
double peakSemitones = 0.0; // signed depth at the peak
};
// The bundle of S15/S16 per-zone play parameters a voice reads at start(). Lives on SampleData
// (each zone owns one SampleData in the zoned keymap). DEFAULTS are EXACTLY the pre-S15/S16
// engine: Gate mode, AHDSR with hold 0 (= the S3 ADSR), VARISPEED pitch engine, pitch envelope
// disabled — so a bare-core voice with default play is byte-identical to the pre-S15 build (the
// core regression tests rely on this). The PRODUCT default of Preserve (S16-F1) is applied one
// layer up at (de)serialization for new/absent zones — see kDefaultPitchEngine.
struct ZonePlayParams {
PlayMode playMode = PlayMode::Gate;
AdsrParams adsr; // Gate: the AHDSR envelope
TriggerParams trigger; // Trigger: %-length + fades
PitchEngine pitchEngine = PitchEngine::Varispeed;
PitchEnvParams pitchEnv; // AD pitch modulation, off by default
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Sample data the core plays. Plain, decoded PCM + the S2 bank intrinsics that
// govern playback. The shell decodes the on-disk WAV and fills this; the core
// never touches a file.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// A loop over [start, end) frames, half-open. A zero-length loop (start == end)
// is the "no sustain loop" marker — a held note past the sample end goes silent
// rather than looping a zero span. absent-loop is modeled by leaving hasLoop false.
struct SampleLoop {
bool hasLoop = false;
std::int64_t start = 0; // first looped frame (inclusive)
std::int64_t end = 0; // one-past-last looped frame (exclusive); start <= end
};
// One decoded audio sample the engine can voice. DEINTERLEAVED, per-channel: `frames` is
// channel 0 (always present) and `framesR` is channel 1 (present only for a STEREO sample).
// A sample is stereo iff `framesR` is non-empty AND the same length as `frames`; otherwise
// it is mono (the degenerate, byte-identical Tier 0-1 case — `framesR` stays empty). Both
// channels share `readPos_`, `rootNote`, and `loop`, so repitch/loop are per-frame identical
// across channels; only the sampled value differs. `rootNote` is the MIDI note the file was
// recorded at (S2 intrinsic) — the pitch that plays back at unity ratio.
struct SampleData {
std::vector<AudioSample> frames; // channel 0 PCM (mono, or L of a stereo sample)
std::vector<AudioSample> framesR; // channel 1 PCM (R); EMPTY for a mono sample
int sampleRate = 44100; // frames per second (for reference; ratio is
// note-relative, so rate cancels for repitch)
int rootNote = 60; // MIDI note recorded at (plays at unity here)
SampleLoop loop; // sustain loop, if any
// Initial read position (frame offset) a voice starts playback at — frame 0 by
// default, so an unset start point is exactly the pre-S11 behavior. S11 makes this
// an instrument-side per-zone override (the "start point" marker); S15 builds on it
// (both play modes carry a modifiable start). Clamped into [0, frames) at note-on:
// a start >= the sample length is a no-op (voice starts at 0), never out of bounds.
std::int64_t startFrame = 0;
// S15/S16 per-zone play parameters (play mode, AHDSR/Trigger envelope, pitch engine, pitch
// envelope). Defaults reproduce the pre-S15 engine EXCEPT the pitch engine default is
// Preserve (S16-F1). A voice reads this at start(). Struct defined above SampleData.
ZonePlayParams play;
// 2 iff a matching-length second channel exists; else 1. A framesR of a different
// length than frames is treated as absent (mono) — a malformed pair never half-plays.
int channelCount() const {
return (!framesR.empty() && framesR.size() == frames.size()) ? 2 : 1;
}
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Keymap — the performance map (instrument-owned, D-B). A note+velocity resolves
// to at most one zone; a zone names which SampleData to play and the root note to
// repitch from. Tier-0 degenerate case: a single zone spanning [0,127] with the
// sample's own root. Tier-1: several zones, each a key range with its own root.
//
// TIER-2 EXTENSION (velocity layers / round-robin) — designed for, not built:
// resolution returns a zone; a zone today owns one sampleIndex. Tier 2 makes a zone
// own a *list* of (velocity-range, sampleIndex) layers (and round-robin sets), and
// resolve() gains the velocity dimension it already receives but currently ignores
// for selection. The (note, velocity) signature and the "resolve to a zone, then a
// sample within it" shape are already in place — Tier 2 fills in the second step
// without changing callers or the voice engine. See the report note.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// A key range [lowNote, highNote] (inclusive both ends) mapping to one sample, with
// the root note to repitch from (defaults to the sample's own root, overridable in
// the performance map per S5). velocityLow/High reserved for Tier-2 layers; today a
// zone accepts the full 1..127 velocity range (0 is note-off by MIDI convention).
struct KeyZone {
int lowNote = 0;
int highNote = 127;
int rootNote = 60; // repitch reference for this zone
std::size_t sampleIndex = 0; // index into Keymap::samples
};
// Result of resolving a (note, velocity). `matched == false` means the note falls in
// no zone (out-of-zone) — a defined no-play result, NOT an error and NOT voice 0.
struct ZoneResolution {
bool matched = false;
std::size_t zoneIndex = 0; // valid only when matched
};
// The keymap: the decoded samples plus the zones that map keys onto them. Owns
// resolution. Pure: no host types. Zones are tested first-match in order, so an
// earlier zone wins an overlap (deterministic, documented).
struct Keymap {
std::vector<SampleData> samples;
std::vector<KeyZone> zones;
// Resolves (note, velocity) to a zone. First zone (in order) whose [low,high]
// contains `note` wins. velocity is accepted now (Tier-2 seam) but does not
// affect zone choice at Tier 0-1. Returns {matched=false} when no zone contains
// the note.
ZoneResolution resolve(int note, int velocity) const;
// Convenience: build the Tier-0 degenerate keymap — one sample mapped
// chromatically across the whole keyboard from its own root note.
static Keymap singleSampleChromatic(SampleData sample);
};
// The chromatic pitch ratio to play `note` given a sample recorded at `rootNote`:
// 2^((note - rootNote) / 12). note == rootNote -> 1.0 (unity). One octave up -> 2.0,
// one octave down -> 0.5. Pure equal-temperament; no reference-frequency needed.
double pitchRatio(int note, int rootNote);
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// AHDSR amplitude envelope (S15 grows the S3 ADSR with a HOLD stage). Sample-based
// (times in frames), linear segments. A gate: noteOn() enters Attack; noteOff() enters
// Release from wherever it is. Asserted against a known signal in the tests (mirror of peaks).
//
// Segment math (all linear ramps):
// Attack: 0 -> 1 over attackFrames
// Hold: hold 1 over holdFrames (S15: NEW stage between A and D)
// Decay: 1 -> sustainLevel over decayFrames
// Sustain: hold sustainLevel until noteOff
// Release: currentLevel -> 0 over releaseFrames
// A zero-length attack jumps straight to 1 on the first frame; HOLDFRAMES == 0 skips Hold
// entirely, which is EXACTLY the pre-S15 ADSR (back-compat — existing Gate play is unchanged);
// zero decay jumps to sustain; a noteOff during attack/hold/decay (release-before-sustain)
// releases from the current partial level, not from sustainLevel. AdsrParams is defined above
// (with the other per-zone value structs); this section holds only the per-frame evaluator.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
class AdsrEnvelope {
public:
enum class Stage { Idle, Attack, Hold, Decay, Sustain, Release, Finished };
void configure(const AdsrParams& params) { params_ = params; }
// Gate on: (re)start from Attack.
void noteOn();
// Gate off: enter Release from the current level.
void noteOff();
// Advances one frame and returns the amplitude for THIS frame (before advancing).
// Once Release completes the envelope latches Finished and returns 0.0 forever
// (until the next noteOn). A single, monotonic per-frame step — the caller pulls
// one value per output frame.
double tick();
Stage stage() const { return stage_; }
bool finished() const { return stage_ == Stage::Finished; }
double level() const { return level_; }
private:
AdsrParams params_;
Stage stage_ = Stage::Idle;
double level_ = 0.0;
std::int64_t framesInStage_ = 0;
double releaseFrom_ = 0.0; // level at the moment noteOff() was called
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// S15 Trigger amplitude envelope (per-frame evaluator). The PlayMode / TriggerParams /
// FadeCurve value structs are defined above with the other per-zone params.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trigger amplitude envelope: a stateless-shape amplitude function over the play span, evaluated
// at a SOURCE-frame offset into the span. Anchoring the fades to SOURCE frames (not output
// frames) is what makes S15 compose with S16: under Preserve the read advances at source rate so
// output and source frames coincide, but under Varispeed a transposed voice consumes source
// faster — driving the fades off the read position keeps the fade-in/out anchored to the SAME
// source frames regardless of engine (the play-length end is a source-frame fact, S15×S16). The
// voice reports the read offset; this maps it to amplitude. Distinct from AHDSR — time-boxed by
// the play length and note-off-immune. Reports finished() once the offset reaches the play length.
class TriggerEnvelope {
public:
// Configure from the play span + fades. `playLengthFrames` is (playEnd - startFrame): the
// SOURCE-frame length of the play span. Fades are clamped so fadeIn + fadeOut <= playLength
// (fadeOut anchored to the end). A zero/negative play length finishes immediately.
void configure(std::int64_t playLengthFrames, std::int64_t fadeInFrames,
std::int64_t fadeOutFrames, FadeCurve curve = kDefaultFadeCurve);
// Amplitude in [0,1] at `sourceOffset` = (readPos - startFrame) source frames into the play
// span. Latches finished() once the offset reaches the play length (>= playLength). Pure over
// the offset (no internal advance) so it composes with either pitch engine's read rate.
double amplitudeAt(double sourceOffset);
bool finished() const { return finished_; }
private:
std::int64_t playLength_ = 0;
std::int64_t fadeIn_ = 0;
std::int64_t fadeOut_ = 0;
FadeCurve curve_ = kDefaultFadeCurve;
bool finished_ = false;
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// S16 pitch envelope (per-frame evaluator). The PitchEngine / PitchEnvParams value structs
// and the kDefaultPitchEngine / kPreserveWindowMs constants are defined above.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Per-frame AD pitch-envelope evaluator. tick() returns the CURRENT pitch offset in semitones
// (0 when disabled or past attack+decay), advancing one frame. The voice converts the semitone
// offset to a ratio multiply (Varispeed) or a shift-amount add (Preserve). Pure, unit-tested
// for offset at t=0, peak at t=attack, and 0 at t=attack+decay.
class PitchEnvelope {
public:
void configure(const PitchEnvParams& params) { params_ = params; pos_ = 0; }
void noteOn() { pos_ = 0; }
// Advance one frame, return this frame's pitch offset in semitones.
double tick();
private:
PitchEnvParams params_;
std::int64_t pos_ = 0;
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// A single voice: one active note playing one repitched, enveloped sample. Reads
// the sample by fractional frame position with linear interpolation, advancing by
// the pitch ratio; loops the sustain region for held notes past the loop end.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
class Voice {
public:
// Starts this voice on `note` at `velocity`, playing `sample` (a stable reference
// the caller must keep alive for the voice's lifetime — the Keymap owns it), repitched
// from `rootNote`. `gateAdsr` is the effective Gate AHDSR (the engine supplies the
// instrument-wide attack/decay/sustain/release timing; the per-zone HOLD stage comes from
// sample.play.adsr.holdFrames, folded in here). The S15 play MODE + Trigger params and the
// S16 pitch ENGINE + pitch envelope are read from `sample.play`. The Preserve shifters MUST
// already be pre-sized (presizePreserveShifters, off-thread) — start() only reset()s + warm()s
// them (RT-safe, no allocation) since it runs on the audio thread inside process(). The warm
// silence pass settles the OLA taps before the first output frame (no cold-start click).
// Byte-identical to the pre-S15 engine when sample.play is default (Gate + Varispeed + no
// pitch env).
void start(int note, int velocity, const SampleData& sample, int rootNote,
const AdsrParams& gateAdsr);
// Gate off — begins the amplitude release. In GATE mode this enters the AHDSR release; in
// TRIGGER mode it is a NO-OP (Trigger ignores note-off and plays through to its play length).
void release();
// True while this voice is producing (or about to produce) sound.
bool active() const { return active_; }
// The note this voice was started on (for note-off routing). Meaningless if idle.
int note() const { return note_; }
// Monotonic age counter — higher = started earlier relative to others. The voice
// engine uses this for its stealing policy (oldest first). Set by the engine.
std::uint64_t startOrder() const { return startOrder_; }
void setStartOrder(std::uint64_t order) { startOrder_ = order; }
bool releasing() const { return releasing_; }
// The S16 pitch engine this voice is running (for the engine's Preserve-voice tally). Only
// meaningful while active().
PitchEngine pitchEngine() const { return pitchEngine_; }
// Pre-SIZE this voice's Preserve pitch shifters (both channels) to `windowFrames`, OFF the
// audio thread (this allocates). The engine calls it once at construction so start() — which
// runs on the audio thread inside process() — never allocates: start() only reset()s + warm()s
// the already-sized rings. `windowFrames` <= 1 leaves the shifters as pass-through (Varispeed
// instruments pay no ring cost). Idempotent: a re-presize to the same window is a cheap no-op
// in the underlying vector.
void presizePreserveShifters(std::int64_t windowFrames);
// Renders one frame's contribution, advancing the read head and envelope by one
// output frame. Returns 0.0 (and goes idle) once the envelope finishes or the
// sample runs out with no loop. The value is already velocity- and
// envelope-scaled — the engine sums voices directly. This is the MONO path (channel
// 0 only) — byte-identical to the pre-S7 engine, so mono play is unchanged.
AudioSample renderFrame();
// STEREO render: writes THIS frame's per-channel contribution into `l`/`r` and advances
// the read head + envelope by exactly one frame (the same single advance the mono path
// performs — the envelope ticks ONCE per frame, shared across both channels). For a mono
// sample (channelCount()==1) both `l` and `r` receive the same value (dual-mono / centered).
// Both outputs are already velocity- and envelope-scaled. Goes idle on the same conditions
// as the mono path (envelope finished / sample exhausted with no loop) writing 0 to both.
void renderFrameStereo(AudioSample& l, AudioSample& r);
private:
// Shared read/advance for both render paths: computes the interpolated per-channel
// value(s) at the current read head, ticks the amplitude + pitch envelopes once, applies
// the pitch engine (Varispeed read-rate bias OR Preserve shift), advances the head, and
// latches idle on exhaustion. `stereo` selects whether the second channel is read (and
// returned in `outR`); when false `outR` is left untouched. Returns the channel-0 value.
AudioSample advanceFrame(bool stereo, AudioSample& outR);
// This frame's amplitude in [0,1] from the active envelope. GATE: the AHDSR ticks once per
// output frame (independent of the read rate — envelope time is wall-clock). TRIGGER: the
// fade shape is evaluated at the SOURCE offset (readPos - startFrame) so the fades anchor to
// source frames and compose with either pitch engine. Sets amplitudeDone_ when the envelope
// finishes (Gate: release complete; Trigger: play length reached) so advanceFrame frees the voice.
double tickAmplitude();
bool active_ = false;
bool releasing_ = false;
int note_ = 0;
double velocityGain_ = 1.0;
double baseRatio_ = 1.0; // 2^((note-root)/12): the un-modulated repitch ratio
double ratio_ = 1.0; // fractional SOURCE frames advanced per output frame (this frame)
double readPos_ = 0.0; // fractional frame index into the sample
const SampleData* sample_ = nullptr;
// S15 play mode + amplitude envelopes. Gate uses env_ (AHDSR); Trigger uses trigEnv_. Only
// one is active per voice (selected by playMode_ at start). playEnd_ is Trigger's source-frame
// stop (the voice frees when readPos_ >= playEnd_, mirroring the run-off-end idle).
PlayMode playMode_ = PlayMode::Gate;
AdsrEnvelope env_;
TriggerEnvelope trigEnv_;
std::int64_t startFrame_ = 0; // clamped initial read frame; Trigger fade offset origin
std::int64_t playEnd_ = 0; // Trigger: source-frame end; Gate: unused
bool amplitudeDone_ = false; // set when the active amplitude envelope finished
// S16 pitch engine + pitch envelope. pitchEngine_ selects Varispeed (ratio bias) vs Preserve
// (source-rate read + shifter). shiftL_/shiftR_ transpose the Preserve output per channel
// (one read head, per-channel shift — S7 compose). pitchEnv_ rides EITHER engine.
PitchEngine pitchEngine_ = PitchEngine::Varispeed;
PitchEnvelope pitchEnv_;
PitchShifter shiftL_;
PitchShifter shiftR_;
std::uint64_t startOrder_ = 0;
};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// The polyphonic voice engine: a fixed pool of voices, note-on allocation with
// bounded voice stealing, note-off routing, and block rendering (sum of voices).
//
// VOICE-STEALING POLICY (deterministic, documented): when all voices are busy and a
// new note-on arrives, steal in this priority order:
// 1. the oldest voice already in RELEASE (finishing anyway — cheapest to cut),
// 2. else the oldest voice overall (longest-held note gives way to the new one).
// "Oldest" = smallest startOrder (assigned monotonically at note-on). This is the
// standard hardware-sampler policy: prefer to sacrifice a dying tail, and failing
// that, the note that has already had the most time.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
class VoiceEngine {
public:
// Builds an engine with `maxVoices` voices (the polyphony bound) playing from
// `keymap`. The keymap must outlive the engine (the engine holds a reference — it
// reads zones and sample data through it, never copies PCM). `adsr` is the instrument-wide
// Gate AHDSR timing (attack/decay/sustain/release); each zone's HOLD stage + play mode +
// pitch engine ride on its SampleData::play. `preserveVoiceCap` (S16) bounds how many
// Preserve-engine voices may sound at once (the shifter is materially heavier than
// Varispeed) — a Preserve note-on beyond the cap is dropped rather than glitching; 0 means
// "no separate Preserve cap" (bounded only by maxVoices). `preserveWindowFrames` is the OLA
// window (in OUTPUT frames) every voice's Preserve pitch shifters are PRE-SIZED to at
// construction (OFF the audio thread), so note-on (which runs in process()) never allocates;
// 0 leaves them pass-through (a Varispeed-only instrument pays no ring cost). The processor
// derives it from the host sample rate (kPreserveWindowMs). Defaulted so existing callers
// (and the pure-core tests) are unaffected.
VoiceEngine(std::size_t maxVoices, const Keymap& keymap, const AdsrParams& adsr,
std::size_t preserveVoiceCap = 0, std::int64_t preserveWindowFrames = 0);
// MIDI note-on. Resolves the note+velocity to a zone; if none matches (out of
// zone) it is a defined no-op (no voice consumed). Otherwise allocates a free
// voice, or steals one per the policy above. Returns the index of the voice used,
// or kNoVoice for an out-of-zone (unplayed) note.
std::size_t noteOn(int note, int velocity);
// MIDI note-off. Releases the most-recently-started active, non-releasing voice
// playing `note` (so a re-triggered same note releases the newest first, leaving
// the older tail to ring — matches hardware behavior). No-op if none match.
void noteOff(int note);
// REAL-TIME render (S4): sums all active voices into the caller-provided buffer
// `out[0..frameCount)`, ADDING to whatever is there (the caller clears or mixes —
// this never touches memory it does not own and NEVER allocates). This is the
// audio-thread entry point: the VST3 process callback passes the host's own output
// channel buffer, so no allocation, resize, or heap traffic happens under process.
// Voices that finish mid-block go idle and stop contributing. `out` must point at
// at least `frameCount` writable samples; a null `out` or zero count is a no-op.
void render(AudioSample* out, std::size_t frameCount);
// REAL-TIME stereo render (S7): sums all active voices per-channel into the caller's two
// buffers `left`/`right` (each `frameCount` writable samples), ADDING to whatever is there
// (the caller clears/mixes). Same RT discipline as the mono overload — no allocation, no
// resize, no lock. A mono sample plays dual-mono (same value to both channels, centered);
// a stereo sample plays its two channels. A null buffer or zero count is a no-op. The mono
// and stereo render paths are independent output shapes over the SAME voice pool; the active
// channel mode (mono vs stereo bus) picks which one the process callback drives per block.
void render(AudioSample* left, AudioSample* right, std::size_t frameCount);
// TEST / off-thread convenience: appends `frameCount` summed frames to `out`
// (grows it — DO NOT call on the audio thread; it allocates). Delegates to the
// real-time overload after sizing the buffer, so both paths share one mix loop.
// Does not clear existing contents — appends, matching the pre-S4 contract the
// unit tests rely on.
void render(std::vector<AudioSample>& out, std::size_t frameCount);
// Count of currently active voices (for tests / diagnostics).
std::size_t activeVoiceCount() const;
std::size_t maxVoices() const { return voices_.size(); }
static constexpr std::size_t kNoVoice = static_cast<std::size_t>(-1);
private:
// Picks a voice to (re)use for a new note-on: a free voice if any, else a stolen
// one per the documented policy. Always returns a valid index (maxVoices >= 1).
std::size_t allocateVoice();
// Count of active Preserve-engine voices (for the S16 Preserve cap). Rescanned per note-on
// (cheap: bounded by maxVoices) rather than maintained as a running tally.
std::size_t activePreserveVoices() const;
std::vector<Voice> voices_;
const Keymap& keymap_;
AdsrParams adsr_;
std::size_t preserveVoiceCap_ = 0; // S16: max simultaneous Preserve voices (0 = no separate cap)
std::uint64_t nextStartOrder_ = 1; // monotonic; 0 reserved for "never started"
};
} // namespace reasampler